iPl^H 



'AmfjfilllSTOET 

OfTHE. 




New York, Cincinnati, Chicaijo, 

pENZisi^R. Brothers 

fitters to the Holy %o«to!ic §f«. 




Class f^ 17 8 
Book _Jli2. IL< 
CopightN" 

CilFK^UC!!? DEPOSIT-. 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



OF 



THE UNITED STATES 



NEW, REVISED EDITION 




New York, Cikcinnati, Chicago 

BENZIGER BROTHERS 



PRINTERS TO THE 
HOLY APOSTOLIC SEE 



publishers of 
benziger's magazine 



1921 



Eirs 



Copyright, 1893, 1899, 1910, 1920, 1921, l)y Benziger Brothbrs. 



OCT 20 1921 



0)CI.A624908 



PKEFACE. 



This little book contains the important events 
in our country's history, related in a clear and 
interesting way. 

Thelanguage, while accurate, is so simple that 
it can be understood by any child ; in fact, the 
publishers confidently believe that not a single 
"big word " is to be found from the first to the 
last lesson. 

The story is told in narrative style in prefer- 
ence to the catechetical, as the one readily im- 
presses the facts on the pupil's mind, while the 
other is valueless when questions and answers 
are separated. 

To refresh the children's memory and to test 
their knowledge, Keview Lessons are given at 
the end of certain periods. 

Questions on the matter treated on the page 
are at the foot of each page ; this arrangement, 
it is believed, will prove of great convenience, 
as it saves the annoyance of reference to other 
parts of the book. 



PREFACE. 



The many illustrations which embellish the 
book are of great excellence and will serve still 
further to interest the pupils. 

A book of this kind — terse and attractive — is 
much needed, and the publishers trust this little 
volume will find a welcome and a place in every 
Catholic school. 



CONTENTS. 



OBAPTEB PAGE 

I. The Discovery of America, Y 

II. The Discovery of America, continued, . . 9 

ni. Other Voyages of Columbus, . . . .13 

IV. Other Discoveries, continued, . . . .15 

Review I.— Early Discoveries, . . . .20 

V. The SettlIi^ment of Virginia, . . . .22 

VI. New England, 28 

VII. Maryland, Neav York, and Delaware, . . 38 
nil. New Jersey and Pennsylvania, Carolina and 

Georgia, 43 

IX. Intercolonial Wars, 48 

X. Intercolonial Wars, continued, . . .55 

Review II. — The Colonies, 58 

XI. The War for Independence, . . . .59 
XII. Concord and Lexington, 64 

XIII. Washington in Command. The Battle of 

Bunker Hill, 67 

XIV. The Campaign against Canada. The British 

leave Boston. The Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, 68 

XV. The Campaign in New York. The Battle 
OF Long Island. The Campaign in New 
Jersey, 73 

XVI. Aid from Foreign Lands. The Pennsylvania 
Campaign. A^alley Porge. Burgoyne's 
Campaign, 77 

XVIIo Aid from France. Benjamin Franklin. The 
Battle of Monmouth. The Massacre oif 

Wyoming, 81 

5 



6 CONTENTS. 

CHAPTEB PAGE 

XYIII. The War in the South. John Paul Jones, 

Barry, and other Naval Heroes, . . 85 
XIX. Arnold's Treason. The Siege of York- 
town. The Surrender of Cornwallis, 88 
Keview III.— The War for Independence, 92 
XX. The Constitution of the United States. 
Washington the First President. In- 
dian Troubles. Keligious Changes, . 95 
XXI. The Administrations of Washington and 

Adams, continued, 99 

XXII. The Administrations of Jefferson and 

Madison, 102 

XXIII. The War OF 1812, 106 

XXIV. The War OF 1812, continued, . . .109 
XXV. The Administrations of Monroe and John 

QONCY Adams, 113 

XXVI. The Administrations of Jackson and Van 

BUREN, 117 

XXVII. The Administrations of Harrison, Tyler, 

AND Polk, 121 

XXVIII. The Administrations of Taylor, Fill- 
more, AND Pierce, 128 

XXIX. The Administration of Buchanan and the 

Election of Lincoln, .... 131 
Review IV. — The Close of the Revolu- 
tion TO the Election of Lincoln, . . 1 33 

XXX. The Civil War, 135 

XXXL The Battles OF 1862, 142 

XXXII. The Battles of 18^62^, continued. Mc- 

Clellan's Campaign, 148 

XXXm. The Events OF 1863, 151 

XXXIV. The Battles OF 1864, 154 

XXXV. The Events OF 1865. Peace, . . .161 

Review v.— The Civil War, . . . 165 

XXXVI. Events since the Civil War, . . . 168 

XXXVII. The War with Spain, 177 

XXXVIII. Events from the War with Spain till 

1913, 183 

XXXIX. The World War, 189 

XL. The Prosperity of our Country, . 201 



PRIMARY HISTORY 

OP THE 

CJiriTED STATES 



CHAPTER L 

THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 

1. The New World.— The country we live in wag 
discovered in the year 1492, and was called the 
New World, because until then it was not known 
to the people of Europe and other countries. 

2. It was while looking for a short way to 
India that this discovery was made. 

3. A great part of the most valuable goods 
used in Europe in those days, such as silks, 
jewels, spices, and perfumes, was brought from 
India. The voyage, however, was so long and ex- 
pensive that learned men, merchants, and sailors 
had tried for a long while to find a shorter and 
cheaper way. 

1. Why is our country called the iVepr World? 2. In what 
way was the New World discovered ? 3. Why was a short«f 
and cheaper road to India looked for? 

7 



8 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Cheistophek Columbus. 



4. Christoplier Columbus. — No one took more 
interest in this search than Christopher Colum- 
bus, a bold sailor who had made many voyages 

to different parts of the 
world as it was then 
known. 

5. Columbus was born 
at Genoa (gen^o-ah), in 
Italy, about the year 
1435. His father was a 
wool-comber, but Co- 
lumbus, not wishing to 
follow that trade, went 
to sea at the age of fifteen. 

6. The western passage. 
—Besides being a sailor Columbus was a man who 
studied very hard and thought a great deal about 
what he studied. In those days it was generally 
believed that the earth was flat, but Columbus 
and some others felt sure it was round. If this 
be so, thought Columbus, India can be reached 
by water, sailing directly west from Europe. 

7. Columbus seeks means for his voyage. — A voy- 
age of this kind, however, would require a larger 
sum of money than Columbus could raise, for he 
was a poor man. In the hope of getting this 

4. Who took a great interest in this search? 5. Wherewas 
Columbus born? 6. What was the general belief about the 
shape of the earth when Columbus lived? Of what did Colum- 
bus feel sure? How did he think India could be reached? 



THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 



money he explained his plans to several kings 
and queens, but he was only laughed at and set 
down as a dreamer. 

8. At last his friend Father Juan Perez (hwan 
pa,yreth), who at one time had been confessor 
to Queen Isabella of Spain, begged that queen 
to furnish the needed ships and money. 

9. Ferdinand and Isabella help Columbus. — She 
and her husband. King Ferdinand, had been for 
sometime at war with the Moors, and had spent 
much money, but the queen consented to help 
Columbus, and even promised to pawn her jewels, 
if necessary, for that purpose. 

10. She was not obliged to do this, however, 
as she obtained the money in another way, and 
Columbus, with his men, having first received 
holy Communion, sailed fromPalos {pah^l6s),\n. 
Spain, on Friday, August 3d, 1492. 

CHAPTEK II. 



1. Columbus sails from Palos. — There were only 
one hundred and twenty men and three vessels 
in the fleet of Columbus. He went on board the 

7. What did Columbus do in the hope of getting money for 
his voyage? 8. Who helped him? In what way did Father 
Perez help him ? 9. What did Queen Isabella consent to do ? 
10. When did Columbus sail from Palos ? 



10 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

largest of tlie ships, the Santa Maria [sahn^tah 
mab-ree^ah) ; the others were named the Pint a 
{peeiftah) and the Nina {neenyah). 

2. The voyage of discovery. — When the vessels 
left Palos they sailed to the southv^est, and in 
three weeks reached the Canary Islands. There 
they stopped for a time, and after fixing* a rudder 
and altering some sails started fairly on the 
voyage for India. 

3. For days and days they sailed on that dark 
sea, the crew becoming every hour more fright- 
ened and discouraged. Kemember, it was very 
different then from the present time, when thou- 
Bands of ships are crossing and recrossing the 
ocean every day. Then they were alone and 
going where none had gone before. 

4. At last the crew wanted to turn back, but 
Columbus refused to do this, even when they 
threatened to throw him overboard. He quieted 
his men by coaxing and by promises of great 
rewards, and kept sailing on, on. 

5. Land.— One day green rushes, weeds, a 
branch of thorn with fresh~berries on it, and 
other signs of land were seen, and on the night 
of October 11th Columbus himself saw a light 
in the distant darkness. 

1. ^Miat were the names of the boats in Columbus' fleet? 
2. Where was the first stop made? 3. Why was a voyage 
across the ocean at that time different from now ? 4. How 
aid Columbus' crew act? 5. What signs of land were seen? 



THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 



11 



6. He said nothing of it to the crew, for fear he 
might be mistaken ; but at two o'clock the next 
morning a cannon was fired from the Pinta as a 
signal that land was in sight. 

7. San Salvador.— With daylight came the joy- 
ful cry of " Land ! land ! " and a beautiful island 
was seen, green with trees and other plants. 




COLTJMBUS Discovering Land. 

8. Columbus made haste to reach the shore, 
and when there his first act was to kneel and 
kiss the ground and thank Almighty God for 
His goodness. Then a cross was raised, and 

6. When was land discovered? 8. What did Columbus do 
on reaching land ? 



12 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Columbus took possession of the countr j in the 
name of Ferdinand and Isabella. 

9. The newly-found land was one of the Ba- 
hama Islands, and Columbus named it San 
Salvador, which means Holy Savior. He be- 
lieved it to be part of India, and called the na- 
tives, who came to Tvelcome the new-comers, 
Indians, and by this name they have since been 
known. 




The Route of Columbus. 

10. Columbus returns to Spain. — Columbus re- 
mained at San Salvador abuut a fortnight, and 
then sailed southward in search of other lands 
which the natives said were in that directioUo 
He discovered Cuba and Hayti, and then, in the 
beginning of the year 1493, returned to Spain. 

9. What name did Columbus give the new land? Of what 
country did he believe it to be a part? What did he call the 
n-atives ? 



OTHER VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS. 13 

CHAPTEK III. 

OTHER VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS. 

1. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella received 
Columbus with great honor, as well thej might, 
for his discovery added greatly to their glory. 

2. The story of the new country he had dis- 
covered and the sight of the fruit, birds, gold, and 
the few Indians Columbus had taken back with 
him to Spain filled them with wonder. The pious 
queen had the first gold from America made 
into a monstrance, so that it might be used for 
the glory of God, and it is still preserved in the 
i]!athedral of Seville. 

3. Other voyages of Columbus. — Columbus made 
three other voyages to America and took mis' 
sionaries with him to help in converting the In- 
dians. He established settlements at different 
places; on his third voyage, in 1498, he dis- 
covered the coast of South America near the 
mouth of the Orinoco Eiver. 

4. Columbus is sent back to Spain in chains.^ 
Though Columbus did so much for Spain, he was 

1. How did Ferdinand and Isabella receive Columbus? 
2. How were his accounts of the New World received? For 
what wa-^ the first gold from Aiiierica used? 3. How many 
other voyages did Columbus make to America? Whom did 
he take with him ? What coast did he discover ? 



14 



PRIMAEY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



very badly treated in return. His success made 
many jealous of him, and he was deprived of 







power in Amer- 
ica, and sent back 
to- Spain in chains. 
5. His friend, 
Queen Isabella, how 
ever, ordered his 
release, but after her 
death he met with 

even worse treatment, and died poor and neg- 
lected at Valladolid, in Spain^ in 1506. To the 
last he kept the chains with which he had been 

4. How was Columbus sent back to Spain? 



^u^' 



Reception of Colttmbus by Fekdi- 
NAND AND Isabella. 



OTHER DISCOVERIES. 15 

bound hanging on the wall of his room, and 
asked to have them buried with him. 

6. Even the country he found was not named 
after him , for a German writer of geography, who 
read an interesting account of the New World 
written by Americus Vesputius {ah-mer^ee-kus 
ves-pu' shee-us) y supposed him to be the discov 
erer, and called the country America. 

CHAPTER IV. 

OTHER DISCOVERIES, CONTINUED. 

1. The North American continent. — The news oi 
the discovery of America made other nations 
eager to secure some of the great riches which 
the New World was said to contain. 

2. For this purpose England in 1497 sent an 
expedition to this country under the command 
of John Cabot (kab^bot) and his son Sebastian, 
Italians then in the service of Henry VII., King 
of England. They reached our shores some- 
where on the coast of Labrador, and were the 
first to discover the continent of North America; 

3. In the following year Sebastian Cabot set 
sail with a second expedition for this country, and 

5. When and where did Columbus die? 6. How did this 
country get its name? 

1. What did other nations of Europe wish to secure? 
2. Whom did England send to this country? What did they 
discover ? 



16 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

again landed near Labrador; then he sailed down 
the coast to about what is now called Albemarle 
Sound. 

4. On account of these discoveries England 
claimed a large part of North America. This 
claim was afterward the cause of a long and 
bloody war with France. 

5. Other discoverers.— England was not alone 
in sending out expeditions for discovery. In 
1498 Vasco da Gama {vas'ko dah gah'mah), a 
Portuguese, reached India by sailing round the 
Cape of Good Hope, in Africa. 

6. Magellan sails round the world.— In 1520 
Magellan [majeran), another Portuguese, sailed 
through the strait which bears his name and 
crossed the Pacific Ocean to the Philippine 
Islands, where he died. One of his vessels re- 
turned to Spain by the Cape of Good Hope, 
being the first to sail entirely round the world, 
and thus prove the earth to be a globe. 

7. Spain did not remain idle. In order to con- 
vert the Indians to Christianity, and also for 
the wealth to be gained, she^ent out a number 
of expeditions. 

3. What part of our shores did Cabot reach en a second 
Toyage to this country? 4. What did England claim on 
account of these discoveries? What did ihis claim cause? 
5. What place did Vasco da Gama reach? 6. Where did 
Magellan go ? What was done by one of his vessels ? What 
did it provp ? 7. What did Spain do ? 



OTHER DISCOVERIES. 17 

8. Ponce de Leon discovers Florida. — In 1513 Ponoe 
de Leon {pone'thay day lay-ohn') discovered 
Florida, but no settlement was made there till 
1565, when St. Augustine, the oldest city in the 
United States, was founded by Peter Menendez 
{may-nen' detli). 

9. In the year 1513, also, Vasco Nufiez de Bal 
boa ( vas^ko noonyeth deh bal-bo^ah), while on a 
voyage to the Isthmus of Panama, discovered 
the Pacific Ocean. 

10. De Soto on the Mississippi. — About the last 
of May, 1539, Ferdinand de Soto, governor of 
Cuba, landed at Tampa Bay, Florida, with about 
six hundred men. With flying banners and 
trumpets sounding, the Spaniards started on a 
march through the country in search of gold. 

11. The Indians opposed them at every step, 
and bloody battles followed in which some tribes 
were almost entirely destroyed. In the march 
of the Spaniards numbers of Indians were seized, 
forced to carry heav}^ baggage, and treated with 
great cruelty. 

12. For two years De Soto and his followers 
continued on their march, travelling upward of 
fifteen hundred miles through what are now the 
States of Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Missis- 
sippi. In the spring of 1541 they reached the 

8. Who discovered Florida? Where is St. Augustine? 
When was it founded? 9. What did Balboa discover? 
10-12. Tell v^^hat De Soto did. 



18 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

great Mississippi Eiver. Here they crossed. 
Half their original number was dead bv thi» 
time, and the rest was nearly starved. Still 
the J kept on, seeking for the gold they were not 
to find. At last, disappointed and completely 
worn out, De Soto was taken sick and died in 
May, 1542, near the mouth of the Eed Eiver. 
His body, wrapped in his cloak, was sunk at 
midnight in the Mississippi. 

13. France also wanted a share in the New 
World. In 1510 she sent out John Denys 
{den-ee^), a French captain, who visited the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence, and in 1524 Yerrazzano ( ver-rat- 
tzah^no), who explored the Atlantic coast from 
Carolina to New Found land, and called the 
country New France. 

14. Cartier on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. — James 
Cartier (kar-tee-a^) , another Frenchman, made 
several voyages to America from 1534 to 1541. 
He gave the name of St. Lawrence to the beau- 
tiful gulf and river which he first saw on the feast 
of that saint. 

15. Spain and France seht^many missionaries 
to this country. The best known are the Jesuits, 

13.- Whom did France send out to this country in 1510? 
What did lie visit ? Whowa8sentoutinl524? Whatcoast 
did he explore? What did he call the country? 14. Who 
made several voyages to this country from 1534 to 1541? 
What lame did he give a certain gulf and river? Why di<^ 
he so name them ? 



OTHER DISCOVERIES. 



19 



Father Marquette (mar-ket^), who explored the 
Mississippi Eiver as far as the Arkansas River, 
and FathersJogues(^720^),Lalemant {laVmon), 
and Brebeuf [bra-buf), who were martyred by 
the Indians. 




The "Half Moon" ascending the Hudson. 

16. Henry Hudson at New York. — In 1609 Henry 

Hudson, an Enghshman in the service of the 
Dutch government, entered the bay of New York, 
and sailed in his ship, the "Half Moon," up the 

15. What nations sent missionaries to this country? Name 
f^ome of the best known missionaries. 



20 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

river which now bears his name, as far as Albany. 
He called the country New Netherlands, and 
claimed it for Holland. 

17. Thus England, Spain, France, and Holland 
each claimed a part of this country. 

18. England claimed North America from 
Labrador to Florida. 

19. Spain claimed the southern part of North 
America from the Atlantic to the Pacific, under 
the name of Florida. 

20. France laid claim to the whole of New 
France with the valleys of the St. Lawrence, 
Mississippi, and Ohio. 

21. Holland claimed the Atlantic coast from 
the Connecticut Kiver to the Delaware. 

Review I— Early Discoveries. 

What have we learned, so far, about our country ? 

We have learned that our country was discovered in 1492 
by Columbus, who w^as acting fo Spain, and that several 
European nations afterward sent out expeditious to the 
New World. 

What followed the news of the discovery of America ? 

The news of the discovery of America made England, 
Spain, and France eager to establish settlements here. 

16. Who was Henry Hudson? What bay did he enter? 
What name did he give the country? For what nation did 
he claim it? 17. What nations claimed parts of our country 7 
18. What did England claim? 19. Spain? 20. France? 
21. Holland? 



REVIEW. 21 

Who were the first English explorers in the New 
World ? 

The first English explorers in the New World were the 
Cabots— father and son— who came over in 1497 and were 
the discoverers of the continent of North America. 

Who were the most important Spanish explorers ? 

The most important Spanish explorers were Ponce de 
Leon, who in 1513 discovered the southern coast ofwhat is 
now the United States, and called it Florida; Balboa, who 
in the same year discovered the Pacific Ocean; and De 
Soto, who reached the Mississippi in 1541. 

W^hat name did the Spaniards give this country ? 

The Spaniards gave the name of Florida to the whole 
southern part of North America from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific Ocean. 

Who were the most important French explorers ? 

The most important French explorers were Terrazzano, 
who in 1524 sailed along the Atlantic coast from Carolina 
to Newfoundland, and called the country New France; and 
Cartier, who in 1534 explored the region about the St. 
Lawrence Eiver. 

Did any other European nation explore this country ? 

Yes, another European nation explored this country : the 
Dutch in 1609 sent out Henry Hudson with an expedition. 
Hudson entered the river which is named after him, and 
sailed up to Albany. 

What name did Hudson give to the country he explored ? 
Hudson called the Atlantic coast from the Connecticut 
River to the Delaware, New Netherlands. 



22 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

What was the result of these discoveries and explora- 
tions by different nations ? 

These discoveries and explorations caused different na- 
tions to claim parts of this country. 

CHAPTER V. 

THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 

1. Raleigh attempts to settle Virginia.— In 1584 
Sir Walter Raleigh (raw'lee) obtained the right 
from Queen Elizabeth of England to settle in 
America. He, therefore, sent out a number of 
people who occupied land in the colony of Vir- 
ginia. The place was so 
called by Elizabeth, who 
waa proud of her title 
of " Virgin Queen.'' 
The settlers did 
not succeed as well 
as was expected, 
and they were glad 
to get back to Eng- 
land. 

2. The Indians 
taught them to use tobacco, ana they carried some 
back to England , where it was then unknown . It 
is said that a servant of Raleigh's who saw him 

1. Who obtained a right from Queen Elizabeth to settle in 
America? What land did the people who were sent out 
occupy ? How did it get its name? 




THE SETTLEMENT OP VIRGINIA. 23 

smoking thought him to be on fire and poured 
a pitcher of ale over him. 

3. In 1603 some noblemen and merchants in 
England, who wanted.to establish settlements in 
America, formed two companies, one known as 
the London Company, and the other as the Ply- 
mouth Company. 

4. To these James I., then King of England, 
granted certain rights called patents or charters. 
To the London Company he gave the right to 
South Virginia, which was the country between 
Cape Fear and the Potomac ; to the Plymouth 
Company, North Virginia, which lay between the 
eastern end of Long Island and the northern 
limit of the mainland of Nova Scotia. 

5. Jamestown settled. — The attempt made at a 
settlement by the Plymouth Company was a fail- 
ure. The London Company sent out a party of 
one hundred and ^ve men. The emigrants left 
England in December, 1606, and six months later 
entered Chesapeake Bay and came to a river 
which they named the James. Sailing up this 
river they settled at Jamestown, named, like the 
river, in honor of the king. 

2. What did the Indians teach the settlers? What is 
Raleigh's servant said to have done? 3. What companies 
were formed in England? 4. To what part of the country 
did the king give the London Company a right? To whai 
port was the Plymouth Company given a right? 5. Where 
did the party sent ow^ by the London Company settle? 



24 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

6. The settlers at once began to cut down 
trees and build themselves log-houses. This 
was hard w^ork, for they were not used to it ; in 
fact, many of them had never worked in their 
lives. Neither were they accustomed to the 
coarse food they were obhged to use. The con- 
sequence was that a number grew sick and died, 
and all became dissatisfied. 

7. Smith takes charge of the colony.— One reason 
of this dissatisfaction was that the president of 
the colony was unfit to manage it. So the set- 
tlers selected one of their number, a man named 
John Smith, who was just suited for the position, 
and placed him in charge. 

8. Smith began by putting every one to work. 
That was a good way to begin, for busy people 
have very little time to find fault or be dissatis- 
fied. He made friends with the Indians; they 
furnished him with corn and game, and under 
his wise government things changed for the bet- 
ter. Unfortunately (in 1609) Smith was badly 
injured by an explosion oJLgunpowder, and re- 
turned to England to have his wounds treated. 
He never went back to Virginia. 

9. Smith and Pocahontas.— In a book of travels 

6. What caused the settlers to grow sick and become dis- 
satisfied? 7. Who was made president of the colony after 
the people became dissatisfied? 8. What did Smith do? 
What did he receive from the Indians? What happened to 
him in 1609? 



THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 25 

which Smith afterward wrote he told some won- 
derful stories of his adventures. Among others 
he related that Powhatan {pow-haftan) ,sb great 
Indian chief, was about to put him to death, 
when bis life was saved by Pocahontas (po-kah- 
hdn'tas), the chief's daughter. She threw her 
arms about Smith's neck and begged her father 
to spare him. 

10. When Smith left Virginia the people again 
fell into idle ways; the fields were neglected; 
famine, sickness, and death followed, and the 
colony was about to be given up, when "other 
settlers and supplies came over from England. 

11. Domestic fowl, — such as chickens, ducks^ 
and geese, — horses, cows, sheep, hogs, and goats 
were brought over, for they are not native to 
the United States. The potato, too, was intro- 
duced; for although it came originally from 
South America, our North American Indians 
did not know of it until it was brought here 

' from Europe. 

12. Things began to improve now, and some 
young women came over to become wives of the 
planters, families grew up, and Virginia was at 
last firmly established. 

13. The first Colonial Assembly.— In 1619 the 
first step towards liberty was made in the New 

9. Whatstory did Smith tell about Pocahontas? 10. What 
happened after Smith left Yirginia? 11. What animals were 
brought over from England? What vegetable was in* 
troduced? 



26 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

World. Up to this time the colony had been 
governed by the Company in London, but now 
an Assembly was called, and certain persons 
were elected to meet and make laws for the 
colony, just as a State Legislature does now for 
a State. The Assembly met at Jamestown in 
July, 1619, and was the first of its kind ever 
held in America. 

14. An Indian massacre. — The Indian chief who j 
succeeded Powhatan hated the English and plot- | 
ted to destroy them. A number of Indians 
joined in the plot, and on March 22, 1622, they 
suddenly attacked the colony and massacred 
three hundred and forty-seven men, women, and 
children. 

15. More would certainly have been killed, 
but a friendly Indian gave the alarm and the 
people found safety in the fort at Jamestown. 
Then they united in a war against the Indians, 
destroyed their villages and crops, and so pun- 
ished them that they gave no trouble for years 
after. 

16. Virginia becomes a royal colony — King 
James pretended that the colony was badly 
managed, and changed it into a royal province 
to be governed in future by the king. Laws, 

13. What was done to make laws for the colony? When 
and where did the Assembly meet ? 1 i. What happened to 
the colony on March 22, 1622 ? 15. What did the people of 
the colony afterward do to the Indians ? 



THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. S3l 

known as the Navigation Acts, were passed by 
which the colonies were not allowed to buy any- 
where except in England, to sell their products 
anywhere except in England, nor to ship their 
goods in any but English vessels. 

17. Bacon's Rebellion. — Of course, these laws 
gave England the entire control of the trade of 
the colonies. The governor appointed by the 
king cared very little for the people and their 
interests, and even refused to protect them from 
the Indians. This caused great discontent, and 
in 1676 civil war broke out in Virginia. This is 
known as "Bacon's Rebellion," from the name 
of its leader, Nathaniel Bacon. 

18. Jamestown burned. — During the rebellion 
Jamestown was burned, and Williamsburg was 
made the capital of Virginia. Shortly after this 
Bacon died, and the war came to an end. 

19. From this time the population of Virginia 
increased and the place grew more and more 
prosperous. 

20. Negro slavery first introduced. — Great atten- 
tion was given to raising tobacco, which was sent 
to England and brought much money to the 
colony. In 1620 a Dutch ship brought over 

16. How did King James changethe colony ? What laws 
were passed? 17. What did these laws give England? What 
wardid they cause? What is this war called? 18. What 
place was made the capital of Virginia? How did the wai 
end? 



28 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

about twenty negroes from Africa and sold them 
as slaves to the planters. This was the begin- 
ning of negro slavery in this country. The 
negroes proved useful as field hands, and their 
work in attending to the tobacco crop increased 
the wealth of the colony. 

21. Many of the settlers in Virginia were of 
good family and w^ell educated; and they so 
helped to improve the manners of the other 
colonists that the people grew up intelligent, re- 
fined, and generous. 

CHAPTER VI. 

NEW ENGLAND. 

1. New England was so named by Captain John 
Smith, who made a voyage to that part of the 
country in 1614, and drew a map of the coast. | 

2. All attempts of the English to settle the 
country north of Virginia failed until 1620. At 
that time a party of one hundred and two men, ! 
women, and children sailed from Plymouth, in 
England, in the ship "Mayflower" to seek a 
home in America. 

20. To what was great attention given? How were 
negroes first brought to this country as slaves? 21. How 
were the manners of the colonists improved? 

1. By whom was New England so named? 2. Who came 
over in 1620 to settle the country north of Virginia ? Fronj 
what place did thev come ? 



NEW ENGLAND. 



29 



3. The Puritans. — These people were known as 
Puritans, or Pilgrims, and had been persecuted 
in England because thej differed from the Churcb 
established there by law. 

4. The landing at Plymouth. — After a long and 
stormy voyage, they reached the New England 
shores, and on December 21st, 1620, landed at 
Plymou th. They agreed upon certain laws which 







The Landing op the Pilgrims. 

all were to obey, elected John Carver, one of 
their party, governor, and began to build rude 
houses. 



5. They had no trouble w'.th the Indians, who 
' were friendly with them, but poor food, and 

3. By what name were these people known ? 4. When and 
i where did they land ? Who was elected governor? 



30 



PEIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



very little of it, together with the extreme cold, 
to which they were not used, brought on much 
sickness, and before spring nearly half their 
number died. Among these was Go vernor John 
Carver. 




Map op New England. 

6. None of the Pilgrims returned to England, 
however, but new settlers came out in the spring ; 
corn, barley, and peas were planted, and before 

5. How did the Pilgrims succeed? 



NEW ENGLAND. 31 

the summer was over the colony was doing 
very well. 

7. In the spring of 1621 Governor Bradford, 
who had succeeded Carver, made a treaty with 
Massasoit {nias-sa-so^it), the most powerful In- 
dian chief in that part, Avhich lasted over fifty 
years . There was one unfriendly tribe of Indians, 
however, and their chief, Canonicus [kah-noifee- 
kus), threatened war, and sent the governor a 
binidle of arrows tied round with a rattlesnake- 
skin. This meant: get ready to fight. But Gov- 
ernor Bradford was not easily frightened ; he 
returned the skin stuffed full with poAvder and 
balls. The Indians understood by this that the 
settlers were read}^ to fight, if necessary, and 
concluded to let them alone. 

8. Plymoutli Colony. — This settlement received 
the name of Plymouth Colony. Its success drew 
so much attention to it in England that other 
immigrants came over, and Salem and Charles- 
tov/n were settled. 

9. Massachusetts Bay Colony. — The new settle- 
ment was called Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 
1630 nearly a thousand more people came over 
from England with horses and cattle, and tools 
of different kinds, and settled in Boston, Water- 

6. What was done in the spring? 7. Who was Massasoit? 
What did he and Governor Bradford do? What did Canoni- 
cus do? What did Bradford do in return? 8. What name- 
did the colony receive ? What other places were settled ? 



32 



PEIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



town, Dorchester, Lynn, and neighboring places. 
John Winthrop was made governor, and under 
his Avise direction the colony succeeded and grew 
in size and population. Within ten years after 
his arrival twenty thousand people had come to 
the country. 




Early Settlers on their March throitgh the Woods. 

10. As the population of New England in- 
creased the people began to look about for other 
places in which to settle. In 1635 Saybrook, 
near the mouth of the Connecticut Eiver, "was 

9. What was the new settlement called? What places 
were settled in 1630 ? How did the colonv succeed ? 



NEW ENGLAND. 33 

founded. The following year Rev. Thomas 
Hooker set out from Massachusetts Bay with 
about a hundred people, driving their cattle 
before them and carrying their household goods 
through the woods, until they reached Hartford, 
where they settled. 

11. In 1638 New Haven was founded, and in 
the year 1665 the three colonies of Saybrook, 
Hartford, and New Haven united and took the 
name of Connecticut. 

12. New Hampshire. — Two years after the land- 
ing of the Pilgrims, two Englishmen, Ferdinando 
Gorges (goi^jez) and Captain John Mason, ob- 
tained from the Council of Plymouth the right 
to some land lying between the Kennebec and 
Merrimac rivers. The place Avas called Maine, 
or Mainland, to distinguish it from the islands 
along the coast. The following year a small 
party Avas sent to settle at Little Harbor and at 
Dover, but the colony grew very slowly. 

13. In 1629 Gorges and Mason divided their 

property and separated. As Mason had been 

governor of Portsmouth,in Hampshire, England, 

he called his part of the country New Hampshire. 

Afterward, for their own protection, both Maine 

and New Hampshire united with Massachusetts. 

10, 11. What other places were settled? 12. For what 
land did Gorges and Mason obtain the right? What was 
the place called ? 13, What did Mason call his part of the 
country when he and Gorges separated ? With what colony- 
did Maine and New Hampshire afterward unite? 



84: PRIMARY HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

14. The settlers in Massachusetts and Con- 
necticut claimed that they left England because 
they could not worship God in the way they 
liked. This being the case, we might expect 
them to allow every one else perfect freedom in 
matters of religion. 

15. But they did nothing of the kind. The 
Bcttlerwhodid not believe as the other colonists 
did was persecuted ; he was not allowed to vote^ 
and was even driven from the place. 

16. When Koger Williams, a young English 
minister, preached that no man should worship 
against his own consent, he was ordered to leave 
the colony. An attempt w^as even made to arrest 
him, but he escaped. 

17. Providence settled by Roger "Williams. — This 
was in 1636, in the dead of winter, and the 
weather was bitterly cold; but Wilhams found 
shelter among the Indians, who Avere his friends, 
and they kept him till spring. Then they gave 
him some land at the head of Narragansett 
{nah-rah-gaiY sett) Bay, and there he founded a 
colony which he named Providence, in gratitude 
for ''God's merciful providence to him in his 
distress." 

14. Why did the settlers in Massachusetts and Connecticut 
claim that they left England? 15. How did they treat the 
settlers who differed from them? 16. How was Roger Wil- 
liams treated? 17. Where did Williams find shelter? What 
colony did he found ? Why did he call the place Providence? 



NEW ENGLAND, 35 

18. Coddington founds Rhode Island. — T^o years 
later William Coddington settled at Ehode Island 
on land bought of the Indians. This settlement 
prospered as did Providence, and later on the 
two were united, and the colony of Ehode Island 
was thus founded. 

19. The Puritans of Massachusetts showed 
their bigotry still further by persecuting Quakers 
and others who did not agree with them. Bap- 
tists were fined or flogged for not attending 
the Congregational Church, and in 1659 some 
Quakers were even hanged for worshipping God 
in their own fashion. 

20. Some people, too, were accused of being 
witches. In the excitement that followed many 
were flogged, andin 1692 twentyinnocentpersons 
Tvere hanged on this foolish charge, before the 
colonists learned that they had been deceived. 

21. The United Colonies of New England. — In 
order to protect themselves from their French 
and Dutch neighbors, Plymouth, Massachusetts, 
Connecticut, and New Haven came together in 
1643, and under the name of ''The United Col- 
onies of New England" formed a union which 
lasted forty years. 

22. King Philip's War.— While the colonies were 

18. Howwasthecolony of Ehode Islandfounded? 19. How 
did the Puritans of Massachusetts show their bigotry? 
20. What happened in 1692 ? 21. Under what name did -flie 
English colonies forma union? How long did this union last 



S6 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



thus prospering, Indian troubles broke out in 
December, 1675. Philip, an Indian chief and 
son of Massasoit, became jealous of the growing 
power of the whites, and persuaded his tribe to 
begin war against the colonists. 
23 In this the Narragansetts joined, and much 
bloodshed followed, set- 
tlers were killed while at 
work in the fields, while 
travelling, or when on 




their way to church, and 
several settlements were 
burned. Then the col- 
onists raised a force of a 
thousand men, attacked the Indians, and kept 
np the war till Philip was killed and the Narra- 
gansetts were destroyed. 

24. The colonies under James II. — In 1686 James 
n., then King of England, appointed Edmund 



22, 23. What Indian troubles began in 1675 ? 



NEW ENGLAND. 



37 



Andros governor of New England. When 
Charles II. was king he gave Connecticut a writ- 
ten paper, called a charter, which allowed the 
colony to govern itself. 

25. King James thought this was too much lib- 
erty and wanted the colony under his control, so 
he directed the governor to take away the charter, 

26. Andros ivent before the Connecticut As- 
sembly and, at a meeting which lasted until mid- 
night, demanded the charter. Suddenly the can- 
dles in the room were blown out, and when they 
were relighted the paper had disappeared. 

27. The Charter Oak. — It is said that it was car« 
ried off in the darkness and 
hidden in the hollow of 

an oak tree. This tree 
became known as 
the Charter Oaky 
and was carefully 
preserved for near- 
ly one hundred 
and seventy 
years after. 

28. The Puri- 
tans of New Eng- 
land were very severe in their way of living. 

24. Who was appointed governor of New England by James 
II.? What was the colony allowed to do by the charter from 
CharlesII.? 25. What did King.James order the governorto 
do? 26. "W^hat did Andros do? What happened when the 
candles were blown out? 27. What became of the charter? 




Seizing the Charter 



38 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Thej kept Sunday very strict! j, and punished b^f 
law all who did not attend their meeting-house. 
Thej did not keep Christmas and other Church 
festivals, but thej established solemn fast-days 
and set apart one day in autumn as a day of 
thanksgiving. 

29. They paid much attention to the education 
of the people, and as early as 1636 voted money 
to establish a school. This school was opened 
at Cambridge and afterward became Harvard 
College, the oldest college in the United States. 

CHAPTER VII. 

MARYLAND, NEW YORK, AND DELAWARE. 

1. Lord Baltimore. — The Catholics of England 
suffered great persecution in early days, and 
were fined heavilv if thev did not attend the 
religious services of the Church of England. To 
escape this persecution George Calvert, Lord 
Baltimore, obtained from King Charles I. the 
promise of some land in Virginia, north of the 
Potomac, in which he intended to establish a 
colony where he and other Catholics could live 
peacefully. 

28. What ean you tell about the Puritans' way of living? 
29. Where was a school opened? What did it become? 

1. What did the Catholics of England suffer in early days? 
What did Lord Baltimore do to escape this persecution? 



MARYLAND, NEW YORK, AND DELAWARE. 



39 



2. Before the papers for the land were made 
out Calvert died, but in 1633 his son, the second 
Lord Baltimore, having secured the charter, sent 
out two ships, the "Dove'' and the ''Ark," under 
the command of his younger brother, Leonard 
Calvert, with over three hundred people to settle 
the territory. The place was named Maryland, 
in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria. 

3. St. Mary's founded. — The settlers entered 
Chesapeake Bay early in the year 1634, and 




came to 
anchor 
near St. Clement's Island. 
Here they landed, and Father 
Andrew White, a Jesuit, who 
accompanied the party, celebrated Mass on the 



The First Mass in 
Makyland. 



2. Who was sent out by the second Lord Baltimore? What 
was the territory named ? In whose honor was it so named? 



40 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

feast of the Annunciation, March 25th, 1634 
Afterward the settlers erected a large cross which 
they had hewed out of a tree. 

4. Calvert ascended what is now the St. 
Mary's Kiver, and six or seven miles above its 
mouth settled St. Mary's, the oldest town in 
Maryland. The colonists made friends with 
the Indians by giving them beads, axes, and 
cloth in exchange for land, and the friend- 
ship thus established between them was never 
broken. 

5. The colony was very successful, but 
William Clayborne, who had a trading-post 
in Maryland which he had estabhshed some 
years before, refused to admit Calvert's right 
to the place. He was compelled to submit, how- 
ever, for the time, though he gave trouble after- 
ward. 

6. A free soil for Christianity.— The people of 
Maryland w^ere happy and contented, for they en- 
joyed greater freedom than any of the other set- 
tlers in the New World. They had the right to 
make their own laws, and as Lord Baltimore had 
made Maryland "a free soil for Christianity", 
every one could practise his religion as he saw 
fit. The result was the place became a refuge 

3. Where did the settlers land ? After they landed what 
was done? 4. Which is the oldest town in Maryland? How 
did the colonists treat the Indians ? 5. How did the colony 
succeed ? Who caused trouble ? 



MARYLAND, NEW YORK, AND DELAWARE. 41 

not only for Catholics, but for Puritans who were 
driven out of Virginia, and for Quakers expelled 
from Massachusetts. 

7. But peace was not xo last forever. Civil 
war broke out in England ; the king was driven 
from his throne and beheaded, and a sort of re- 
public was established with Oliver Cromwell as 
the head, or Protector of Parliament as he was 
called. 

8. With authority from the new government, 
Richard Ingle came to Maryland, drove out 
Governor Calvert, robbed the people, and sent 
Father White in chains to England. Later on 
Lord Baltimore was restored to power, only to 
lose it again in 1654. Finally, however, in 1716 
Maryland became the property of the fifth Lord 
Baltimore, and continued to be his until the 
United States were formed. 

9. The Dutch West India Company. — When Henry 
Hudson returned to Holland, after sailing up the 
river which has since borne his name, he took 
back such a good account of the newly-discovered 
country that Dutch vessels began to visit it, to 
obtain otter and beaver skins, and other valuable 
furs, from the Indians. 

10. In 1623 the Dutch West India Company 

6. What did Lord Baltimore make Maryland? For whom 
did Maryland become a place of refuge? 7. What happenedin 
England some time afterward? 8. What did Richard Inglfl 
*lo ? 9. Why did the Dutch begin to visit this country ? 



42 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

sent out a number of families from Holland. 
They landed on Manhattan Island and bought it 
from the Indians for about twenty-five dollars. 
Here they settled and founded New Amsterdam, 
which was the beginning of what is now the 
great city of New York. The following year 
Fort Orange, now Albany, was founded. 

11. The Dutch rule in New Netherlands pros- 
pered, and the colony, especially New Amster- 
dam, increased in size and in numbers. 

12. Delaware settled by the Swedes.— In 1638 
some Swedes began a settlement in Delaware, 
and erected a fort near the spot where Wilming- 
ton now stands. The colony took the name of 
New Sweden, and bid fair to succeed, but the 
Dutch claimed all the country from the Connec- 
ticut Eiver to the Delaware, and thought no 
other nation had a right there. So in 1655 they 
made war on New Sweden, captured it, and made 
it part of New Netherlands. 

13. In 1660 the people of England, who had 
grown tired of the Puritans as rulers, made the 
son of Charles I. king. The new monarch, 
claimed that New Netherlands belonged to Eng- 
land by right of Cabot's discoveries, and, acting 

10. Where did the Dutch families land who came out from 
Holland? How much did they pay for the land? What 
settlements did they found '^ 12. Where did the Swedes begin a 
settlement in 1638 ? What name did the colony take? What 
did the Dutch do in New Sweden ? 



NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA. 43 

on this, gave the country to his brother James, 
Duke of York. 

14. New Netherlands becomes New York. — In 
1664 James sent out a fleet to seize the colony. 
At that time Peter Stuy vesant, a brave, honest, 
and determined man, was the Dutch governor, 
and he refused to surrender to the English. 
But, though brave, Stuy vesant was such a tyrant 
that his people hated him and refused to help 
him. So he was forced to give up, and New 
Netherlands became an English colony. Its 
name was changed to New York, New Amster- 
dam became the city of New York, and Fort 
Orange was given the name of Albany. 

CHAPTER VIII. 

NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA. CAROLINA AND 
GEORGIA. 

1. New Jersey an English colony. — After the 
capture of Ngav Netherlands by the Engiishj 
the Duke of York gave the country between the 
Hudson and Delaware rivers to two friends of 
his, Sir John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. 

13. Who became king of England in 1660 ? What did the 
king claim? To whom did he give the country ? 14. What 
did James do? Who was the Dutch governor? What can 
you say of him? What became of New Netherlands? To 
what was its name changed? What did New Amsterdam 
become ? 



44 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



The latter had at one time been governor of 
Jersey, in England, and out of compliment to 
him the new colony was called Ne^v Jersey. 

2. Pennsylvania settled by Penn, — In 1681 Wil- 
liam Penn, a rich Quaker, was given a grant of 




Penn's Treaty with the Indians. 



the country lying between New Jersey and 
Maryland, in payment of a large sum of money 

1. What part of the country did the Duke of York give to 
Sir John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret? What was tlie 
new colony called? 



CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. 45 

which the king of England owed liis father, 
Admiral Sir William Penn. 

3. Penn sent over a large number of Quakers, 
who had been persecuted in England on account 
of their religion, to begin a city, and in 1682 
came over himself. He organized a government, 
made liberal laws for the people, and the follow- 
ing year laid out the city of. Philadelphia. 

4. He made friends with the Indians at the 
start, and this friendship was never broken. 
Penn afterward returned to England, but Penn- 
sylvania belonged to him and his heirs down to 
the time of the Ee volution. 

5. The province of Carolina. — Following the ex- 
ample of the Duke of York, Lord Clarendon and 
some other English noblemen in 1663 obtained 
a grant of the country between Virginia and 
Florida. This was named Carolina in honor of 
King Charles 11. , his name in Latin being Carolus. 

6. Some people from Virginia had already 
settled in what is now North Carolina, near the 
mouth of the Chowan Kiver. This was known 
as the Albemarle Colony. 

5. What part of the country was given to William Penn? 
Why was it given to him ? 3. Whom did Penn send over to 
make a settlement? What laws did Penn make? What 
city did he lay out? 4. For how long did Pennsylvania 
belong to him? 5. For what part of the country did Lord 
Clarendon and others obtain a grant? Why was it called 
Carolina? 6. Who settled in North Carolina? By what 
name was the colony known? 



46 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

7. In 1670 Lord Clarendon's company sent out 
three shiploads of emigrants, known as the Car- 
teret Colony, who settled on the south side of 
the Ashley Eiver, but afterward removed to 
where Charleston now stands. This was the 
first settlement in what is now South Carolina. 

8. The captain of a ship from Madagascar 
presented a bag of seed rice to the Carteret 
Colony, and thus laid the foundation of the rice 
crop, which even to-day is a leading product 
of South Carolina. The pine forests of North 
Carolina, from which tar, turpentine, and resin 
are produced, have yielded great wealth to the 
people of that region. 

9. Many were attracted by the fine climate, 
and Carolina rapidly increased in numbers and 
wealth, the new-comers being principally from 
England and the West Indies, with some French 
Protestants. 

10. The colonies were afterward bought from 
the proprietors and made royal provinces, and 
were then divided into North and South Carolina. 

11. The settlement of Georgia^— In 1732 General 
James Oglethorpe, a brave and benevolent man, 

7. Where did the Carteret Colony settle? In what place 
was this the first settlement ? 8. How was the foundation 
of the rice crop laid? What are produced from the pine 
forests of North Carolina? y. How did Carolina succeed? 
Wio were the new-comers? 10. What afterward occurred 
im the colonies ? How were they divided ? 



CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. 47 

obtained a grant for the country between the 
Savannah and Altamaha {al-ta-mah-hah^) rivers 
from King George II., and the following year 
founded a colony there which took the name of 
Georgia in honor of the king. 

12. The place was intended as a refuge for poor 
people in England who were unable to pay their 
debts and according to law were subject to im- 
prisonment. There were other settlers besides, 
among them Jews, Lutherans, Moravians, and a 
number of Scotch Highlanders. 

13. Georgia and Florida at war. — In 1739 war 
broke out between England and Spain, and the 
following year General Oglethorpe led an army 
against the Spanish settlements in Florida. He 
captured one fort and attacked another at St. 
Augustine, but it was so bravely defended bj the 
Spanish governor that Oglethorpe was forced to 
retire. Two years later the Spaniards, in return, 
invaded Georgia, but Oglethorpe with about one 
fourth the number of their men met and defeated 
them. 

14. Some years later Georgia became a royal 
province, and continued to be governed by the 
king until the Revolution. 

11. For what part of the country did Oglethorpe obtain a 
grant? What colony was founded there? In whose honor 
was it named? 12. For whom was it intended as a refuge? 
13. Against what settlements did Oglethorpe lead an army? 
What was the result of his attack ? What did the Spaniards 
do in return? What was the result? 14. WhatdidGeorgiC 
become later? 



id 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER IX. 



INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 



1. While the English were establishing settle- 
ments on our coast line from Maine to Georgia, 
the French were exploring the West, where they 
founded numerous missions, settling along the 
gulf and river of St. Lawrence. 

2. Quebec founded. — In 1608 Samuel de Cham- 
plain {deh sham-plain^), a 
brave, experienced man 
and a fervent Catholic, 
founded Quebec . In 1 642 
a pious association in 
France laid the founda- 
tion of the city of Mont- 
real. Recollect and Jesuit 
missionaries labored to 
convert the Indian tribes, 
and in their efforts many 
were martyred for the 
faith. 

3. Father Marquette on the Mississippi. — In 1673 
Father Marquette (mar-ket^), a Jesuit mission- 
ary, incompany with Louis Joliet (zho-Ie'a), made 

1. What were the French doing while the English were 
establishing settlements ? 2. Who was Champlain? What 
place did he found ? Who founded the city of Montreal ? 




Samuel de Champlain. 



INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 



49 



his way in a bark canoe from Green Bay to 
the Wisconsin Eiver until the Mississippi was 
reached. This he descended as far as the Ar- 
kansas Eiver, and then returned to give an 
account of his work. 




Father Marquette on the Mississippi. 

4. A few years later Robert Cavelier dela Salle 
(ro^bare cav-aFyaj dehlah sal) descended the Mis- 
sissippi to the Gulf of Mexico. He claimed for 
France all the territory watered by the Missis- 
sippi and its branches, and gave it the name of 
Louisiana, in honor of Louis XIV., then King of 
France. 

3. What did Father Marquette do? What did La Salle 
do ? What did he claim for France? 



50 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

5. "War between England and France. — England 
and France had been enemies for a long while, 
and in 1689 a war, known as King William's 
War, broke out between the French and English 
colonists in America, and lasted eight years. 
This was hardly over, when another war began 
in 1702, and did not end till 1713. King George's 
War followed this, in the years 1744-1748. 

6. During these wars the English invaded 
Canada and captured Port Royal in Acadia, now 
Nova Scotia, and Louisburg, the French fortress 
on the island of Cape Breton [breh-ton'). The 
Indian allies on both sides attacked and burned 
several settlements and killed the inhabitants. 

7. These wars began in Europe, and England 
was the gainer, but her colonies did not profit by 
them, though they had given troops and money 
to carry them on. 

8. Franee fortifies the frontier. — The territory 
claimed by France was connected and guarded 
by a chain of sixty forts extending from the 
mouth of the St. Lawrence down the Mississippi 
to New Orleans. When trouble arose in the 
colonies about the boundaries between the 
French and English provinces, the French began 
to build new forts from Lake Erie to the Alle- 

5. What wars broke out in 1689? In 1702? In 1744? 
6. What places did the English attack and capture during 
these wars? What did the Indians do? 7- Did the colonies 
profit by these wars ? 



INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 51 

ghany Kiver. Then they drove away some Vir- 
ginians who had settled on the Ohio Eiver for 
the purpose of trading with the Indians, and had 
begun to erect a fort where the Alleghany and 
Monongahela rivers meet and form the Ohio. 
The French finished the fort, and named it Fort 
Duquesne {du-kane^) in honor of the governor 
of Canada. 

9. When the governor of Vii'ginia learned of 
this he sent a letter to the commander of the 
French posts, asking what he meant. 

10. Washington.— As the bearer of this letter 
the governor chose George Washington, whom 
God afterward selected to lead his countrymen 
to victory and freedom. Although only twenty- 
one years old at the time, Washington was 
known as a brave and fearless man who could 
be trusted in anything. 

11 . He was born at Bridge's Creek, Westmore- 
land County, Virginia, February 22d, 1732. When 
he was eleven years old his father died, leaving 
a large estate. Washington continued to live at 
home with his mother and his brothers and sis- 
ters. His education was very simple: besides 
reading, writing, and arithmetic he learned book- 

8. How had the French guarded the territory claimed by 
them ? What forts did they erect afterward ? 9. What did 
the governor of Virginia do when he learned what the French 
had done? 10. Wlio was sent as bearer of the letter? How 
old was he at that time? How was it known that be could 
be trusted ? 



52 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

keeping and surveying, but he associated with 
educated people, and his manners grew to be ele- 
gant and refined. Strong and healthy, he was 
first in all manly exercises. As he grew up he 
became acquainted with life in the woods and 
the habits of the Indians. When only nineteen j 
he was app ointed adjutant-general with the rank 
of major and the pay of one hundred and fifty 
pounds sterling (about |750) a year. 

12. Washington lost no time in starting on his 
errand, and, after a tiresome journey "across 
mountain and stream, through sleet and snow," 
delivered the letter safely. 

13. The French commander sent answer that 
he was determined to stay where he was, and 
would drive out any Englishman who dared set 
foot on French territory. 

14. Washington's way home was not without | 
danger; an Indian, who was in hiding, fired at 
him from not fifteen steps distant, but missed 
him. In crossing the half-frozen Alleghany 
River on a raft, Washington was nearly drowned. 

15. The French commander's answer meant 
war. Colonel Frye with a regiment was sent to 
attack the French . Washington, who was second 
in command, took the advance ; learning that a 

11. What can you tell us about George Washington? His 
education? 12. What did Washington do with the letter? 

13. What ajiswer did the French commander send back? 

14. What hapoened to Washington on his way home? 



inti:rcolonial wars. 



53 



body of the enemy was at a place named Great 
Meadows, he marched there and suddenly Siir 
tacked and defeated it. 

16. The victory was short-lived, however, for 
the French sent a large force against Washington, 
who was obliged to smTender, but was allowed 
to return to Virginia with all his men. 




Washington Crossing the Alleghany. 



Though Nova 



! 17. The fate of the Acadians. 

i Scotia belonged to the English, the people were 

Catholics, descendants of the old French settlers. 

] 15. Who was sent to attack the French? Who was 
I second in command? What did he do? 16. What happened 
to Washington? 



54 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



They were called Acadians, from the original 

name of the _ ^ 

place, and 

were hard- . \^ 

workingand ,^ Vv v^ 

happy ; sim- ^p ■ ^^^ 

pie in their '|\-^ \ vs- 

ways, and ^\;W 




devoted 
to their 7,,: - 
families ^^^^ic-j^ 
and' 
their 
homes '^ 



■^m^ 



IS. They had fine, 
carefully-tended farms, 
and jjartly to get pos- 
session of these, but 
principally on account 
of their religion, the 



The Fate of the Acadians. English Wanted tO CX- 

17. What were the inhabitants of Nova Scotia called? 
What do you know of them ? 



INTERCOLONIAIi WARS. 55 

pel them from the country. So, pretending that 
the Acadians would help the French in time of 
war, English troops suddenly surrounded these 
poor people, and, without any trial, drove them 
on board ships which carried them from their 
homes. Their houses and barns were burned; 
children were separated from their mothers, 
wives from their husbands, and many of the 
families thus broken up were never again united. 

CHAPTEK X. 

INTERCOLONIAL WARS, CONTINUED. 

1. Braddock's expedition. — After the surrender 
of Washington, England sent General Braddock 
to America with two regiments of British soldiers. 

2. In July, 1755, Braddock marched against 
Fort Duquesne. But he knew nothing about the 
style of fighting followed by the Indians, who 
made up a large part of the French force, and he 
would not listen to Washington's advice. 

3. The result was that the French and Indians, 
hidden behind rocks and trees, opened a deadly 
fire on the British, and forced them to retire. 
Braddock was killed, and his army was saved only 

18. Why did the English want to get rid of the Acadians? 
How did they treat them ? 

1. Who was sent to America afterthesurrender of "Washing- 
ton ? 2 . What did Braddock do ? 



yS PEIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

by the coolness and courage of Washington. 
The latter had two horses shot under him, and 
four bullets passed through his coat. 

4. In the next four years other battles followed 
with sometimes the English, sometimes the 
French, as victors. Finally, in 1759, England 
made a grand attack on Canada. 

5. The surrender of Quebec. — General James 
Wolfe, a brave officer, with eigh I thousand British 
troops and a fleet, was sent up the St. Lawrence 
Eiver to capture Quebec. 

6. For three months the English besieged the 
dty without success. A part of it lay on high 
ground, and this the English cannon could not 
reach. 

7. At last Wolfe discovered a narrow pathway 
which led up to the " Plains of Abraham," open 
fields outside the city walls. Up this path the 
English crept under cover of night, and by morn- 
ing the troops were drawn up, ready for battle, 
not a mile from the city. 

8. Montcalm (mbn^kham^), the French com- 
mander, saw his danger, but he was a brave man 
and marched out as soon as possible to attack 
the enemy. 

3. What was the result of Braddock's style of fighting? 
How was the army saved? 4. What did England finally do? 
5. What was Wolfe sent to do ? 6. What was the result of the 
siege of the city ? 7. How did Wolfe manage to reach the city? 
8. What did Montcalm do ? 



INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 5? 

9. In the battle which followed the English 
were victorious, but both Wolfe and Montcalm 
were mortally wounded. 

10. While the former was being carried from 
the field he heard that the French were living. 
*'Now God be praised," said the dying hero, "I 
die happy." It is related of Montcalm that when 
he learned he could not li\ e, he exclaimed : " So 
much the better ; I shall not live to see the sur- 
render of Quebec." 

11. Shortly after the capture of Quebec, which 
occurred September 18th, 1759, Montreal also fell 
into the hands of the English, and that ended 
the war. 

12. The English get Canada. — A treaty of peace 
was signed in Paris in 1763. By it France gave 
up to Great Britain Canada and that part of 
Louisiana between the Alleghanies and the Mis- 
sissippi except the island and city of New Or- 
leans. This with that part of Louisiana which 
lay west of the Mississippi she gave to Spain, 
who had helped her in the war with England. 

13. By this same treaty Spain gave Florida to 
England in exchange for the city of Havana, in 
the island of Cuba, which the English had taken 
the year before. 

9. What happened in the battle which followed ? 10 Re- 
peat the words of Wolfe. Of Montcalm. 11. What occurred 
shortly after the capture of Quebec? 12. What did France 
give to Great Britain by the treaty of Pans ? What to Spam ? 
13. What did Spain give to England? 



58 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Review II.— The Colonies. 

What further have we learned about our country ? 

We have learned what happened from the time of the 
settlement of Virginia in 1584 down to the close of the 
Intercolonial "Wars. 

By whom was Virginia settled ? 

Virginia was settled by people sent out by a rich com- 
pany in England. 

By whom was New England first settled ? 

New England was settled by people known as Puritans. 
They were seeking a place w^here they could worship God 
as they thought fit. 

How was Maryland settled ? 

Maryland was settled by Lord Baltimore and a body of 
Catholics who were persecuted in England on account of 
their religion. 

Who settled New Netherlands or New York ? 

New Netherlands, afterward New lork, was settled by 
a number of families sent out from Holland by the Dutch 
West India Company. 

How did the English get possession of New Nether- 
lands i 

England claimed the part of our country known as New 
Netherlands, and James, Duke. of York, sent out a fleet, 
and compelled the Dutch to surrender. Then the name of 
the place was changed to l^ew York. 

Who settled New Jersey ? 

New Jersey was settled by some Swedes, but was taken 



THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 59 

from them by the Dutch. When the English seized New 
Netherlands, New Jersey fell into their hands. 
i By whom was Pennsylvania settled ? 

Pennsylvania was settled by William Penn and a number 
of Quakers. 

Under what government were these colonies ? 

All these colonies were ruled by the English government. 

What other colonies were ruled by England ? 
I Carolina and Georgia were also settled by Englishmen, 
and were go'i^erned by England. 

In what part of the country did the French settle ? 

The French settled in the West and along the gulf and 
river of St, Lawrence. 

What caused the Intercolonial W^ars ? 

The Intercolonial Wars were caused by the dispute be- 
tween England and Frince as to which nation our country 
should belong. In the end it was decided in favor of 
England. 



CHAPTEK XL 

I 

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 

1. England proposes to tax America. — The close 
of tlie -war with France found England heavily 
in debt, and to help pay this the British Parlia- 
ment proposed to tax the colonies. 

2. This was unjust. They had not brought on 

1. What did England propose to do to help pay her debt? 



60 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



the war, and though it cost them many livp^ and 
much money, they were in no way benefited by it. 
3. Besides, as they were not allowed to send 
p- -^mbers to the British Parliament, the colonies 
denied the right of that body to tax them. " No 
taxation without represen- 
\tion," said they, and they 
determined not to submit. 
4. But in spite of this the 
king and Parliament 
decided to enforce the 
hateful " Naviga- 
tion Act, ' ' by which 
the Americans were 
notallo wed tosend their 
goods anj^where except 
to Great Britain. 

5. The Stamp Act.— Fur- 
ther, a la.w was passed, 
' known as the Stamp Act, 
whichrequired a govern-^ 
ment stamp to be placed 
on-all legal documents, 
such as wills, deeds, and 
similar papers, and even on newspapers. The 
price of these stamps depended on the value of 
the articles. 




Patrick Henky Pkotesting 
Against the Tax. 



2, 3. Why did the colonies determine not to submit to this 1 
4. WhatdidthekingandParliamentdecideto do? 5. Wh« !< 
law was passed ? What did this law require ? 



THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 61 

6. This caused great indignation in the colo 
nies. Meetings were held and processions took 
place in every part of the country to show the 
public feeling. 

7. Patrick Henry protests. — In the Virginia As- 
sembly, Patrick Henry, a young man, declared 
that the General Assembly of a colony alone had 
the right to tax the people. During a debate that 
followed Henry boldly said, ^'Caesar had his Bru- 
tus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George 
the Third — " "Treason! treason!" cried some 
members. "And George the Third may profit 
by their example," continued the patriot. "If 
that be treason, make the most of it." 

8. So much opposition caused the British 
government to do away with the Stamp Act, 
but England still claimed the right to tax her 
colonies in any way she saw fit. 

9. She therefore laid a tax on glass, painters' 
materials, paper, and tea. Believing this to be 
unjust, the colonists refused to buy the taxed 
goods. 

10. The "Boston Massacre." — Great excitement 

followed, and British troops were sent to put 

down the angry people. A fight occurred between 

the soldiers and the citizens in a street of Boston, 

in which three persons were killed, two mortally 

6. How was public feeling shown ? 7. What did Patrick 
Henry declare? 8. What was the result of this opposition? 
9, What did England tax ? What did the colonists do ? 



62 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



wounded, and several injured by the military. 
This is known as the "Boston Massacre." 

11. To quiet the colonies, England then took 
the tax off all goods except tea. But this did 
not satisfy the people: they were determined 
that the taxed article should not be landed here. 
Shiploads of tea sent over to New York and 
Philadelphia were sent back to England, and at 

Charleston the tea 
was placed, in damp 
cellars, where it 
spoiled. 

12. The Boston Tea- 
party. — OnDecember 
16th, 1773, about 
fifty men disguised 
as Indians, and fol- 
lowed by a large but 
orderly crowd, hur- 
ried to a wharf in Boston 
where three tea-ships lay. 
boarded and their car- 
consisted^f three hundred and 
chests of tea, were emptied into 




were 



The vessels M 
goes, which 'ttj ' 
forty-four I 
the water. 

13. As the "* men were returning to their 
homes they passed a house at which Admiral 
Montagu {mon^ta-gu) was visiting. Eaising the 

10. What happened then? AVhat is known as the "Boston 
Massacre"? 11. "What did England do to quiet the colonies? 



THE WAK FOR INDEPENDENCE. 63 

window, the admiral called out: "Well, boys, 
you've had a fine night for your Indian caper. 
But, mind, you've got to pay the fiddler yet." 
*' Oh, never mind, squire !" replied one of the men, 
"just come out here, if you please, and w^e'U 
settle the bill in two minutes." The admiral 
thought it best to let the bill stand, and quickly 
shut the window. 

14. To punish the people for destroying the 
tea, Parliament closed the port of Boston, that 
is, no vessels were allowed to enter or to leave 
there, and General Gage was appointed gover* 
nor. 

15. The first Continental Congress. — Even at 
this time the Americans did not think of going 
to war with England. In order to consider 
what might be the best way to defend their 
rights and secure justice, representatives of the 
different colonies met at Philadelphia in Sep- 
tember, 1774, and formed the first Continental 
Congress. 

16. This Congress drew up what was called a 
"Declaration of Rights," and sent a petition to 
the king and Parliament asking for justice. 

17. But it was of no use ; and when the colo- 
nists found that no attention was paid to their 

12, 13. Tell the story of the "Boston Tea-party." 14. 
What did Parliament do to punish the people? 15. Where 
and why did representatives of the colonies meet ? What was 
formed at this meeting? 16, What did this Congress do? 



64 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

petition, they, for the first time, began to think 
of war. Bands of citizens calling themselves 
''^Minute-Men," because thej were supposed to 
be ready at a minute's notice, were formed, and 
they prepared themselves by drilling day and 
night. 

CHAPTER XII, 

CONCORD AND LEXINGTON, 

1. Gage sends troops to destroy military storet 
at Concord. — Learning that some powder and 
other military stores were at Concord, General 
Gage, on April 19, 1775, sent Colonel Smith and 
Major Pitcairn with a force of British soldiers 
to destroy them. 

2. But Paul Revere, a brave American, rode 
ahead and warned the people, and when the 
soldiers reached Lexington the Minute-Men were 
ready to receive them. 

3. Lexington the first battle of the Revolution.— 
The British fired on the patriot band, killing 
seven and wounding nine, and then hurried on 
to Concord, where they destroyed some flour 
and old cannons, and burned a liberty-pole that 
had been erected. 

4. By this time the people were aroused ; men 

17. What did the people do when no attention was paid 
to their petition ? 

1. What did General Gage do ? 2. What did Paul Revew 
do? 3. How did the Britieh act? 



CONCORD AND LEXINGTON. 



65 



hastened from houses, work-shops, and fields. 
The soldiers were attacked from behind trees, 




bushes, 

d stone 

mtil, 

no longer able 

stand the fire 

t was poured on 

„ ^ n them, they be2:an to run. 

The Fight at Concord. ' ./ o ^^^ ^ v^^i-, 

and were chased like a 
flock of frightened sheep by the patriots. 

5. The colonies rise.— The news of the fight 
spread through the country, and the militia of 
the other colonies ^vas sent to the help of Mas- 
sachusetts. Men dropped their work and, arm- 
ing themselves with such weapons as they could 
find, hurried toward Boston. 

4. How did the people attack them? 5. What was done 
when the news of the fight spread ? 



66 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

6. One example will show the spirit of the 
people. Israel Putnam, an old soldier, was 
building a stone fence when he heard the cry 
from Lexington. Without waiting to change 
his dress, he mounted his horse and rode with 
aU speed to Boston. 

7. In a short time an army of brave men had 
Gag6 and the British troops shut up in Boston. 

8. The capture of Fort Ticonderoga. — The next 
month Ethan Allen with a company of *' Green 
Mountain Boys" from Vermont surprised and 
captured Fort Ticonderoga, on Lake Cham plain. 
Making his way to the British commander's 
room, Allen demanded the surrender of the fort. 
" On what authority ? " asked the officer. *'In 
the name of the great Jehovah and the Conti- 
nental Congress," replied Allen. The following 
day the Americans captured Crown Point. Both 
forts contained large supplies of military stores 
which were valuable to the patriots. 

9. On the coast of Maine Captain Jeremiah 
O'Brien, with his brothers and afew other brave 
men, gained the first naval battle of theKevolu- 
tion by capturing the English vessel "Mar- 
garetta'' and two sloops. 

6. Giveanexampletoshowthespiritofthepeople. 8. TeC 
what you can of Ethan Allen and the capture of Ticonderoga. 
9. Where was the first naval battle gained ? By whom ? 



WASHINGTON IN COMMAND. 67 



CHAPTEE XIII. 

WASHINGTON IN COMMAND. — THE BATTLE OF 
BUNKER HILL. 

1. The second Continental Congress.- 
10th, 1775, a few hours 
after the surrender of 
Ticonderoga, the second 
Continental Congress 
met at Philadelphia. It 
voted to raise an army, 
and appointed George 
Washington com- 
mander-in-chief. 

2. In the meantime Geokge Washington. 

fresh troops had been sent out from England to 
help Gage. Thus strengthened, he determined 
to fortify Bunker Hill, which is opposite Boston. 
But before he could do so, the Americans took 
possession of the place, or rather of Breed's 
Hill, near it, and in one night built a fort of 
earth and fence-rails. 

3. The battle of Bunker Hill.— (Vhen the morn- 
ing light showed what had been done, the 
British ships opened fire and a large body of 

1. When and where did the second Continental Congress 
meet ? What did it do ? 2. What did Gage determine to do ? 
What did the Americans do? 




68 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

troops, "the flower of the British army," was 
sent to drive the Americans from their position. 

4. A fierce fight followed ; the patriot army 
fought well and desperately, and though obliged 
at last to retire, because the powder gave out, it 
was a dear victory for the enemy ; their loss in 
killed and wounded was over a thousand, while 
the whole loss of the Americans was one hun- 
dred and forty-five killed and missing, and three 
hundred and four wounded. 

5. Two weeks after the battle of Bunker Hill 
Washington reached Cambridge, near Boston, 
and took command of the American army. 

6. This army was made up of about fourteen 
thousand men, ready to shed their last drop of 
blood in defense of their rights, but poorly 
provided with guns and other arms, and not 
drilled. 

CHAPTER XIV. 

THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST CANADA. — THE BRITISH 

LEAVE BOSTON. — THE DECLARATION OF 

INDEPENDENCE. 

1. The campaign against Canada. — Having 
learned that the British intended to attack the 

3. What did the British do the following day? 4. Who 
gained the victory? What was the loss in the fight? 5. 
When did Washington reach Cambridge? 6. How many 
men were in the army ? How were they provided with arms? 



THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST CANADA. 



69 



northern part of New York, Congress sent two 
armies to invade Canada. One of these was 
commanded by General Eiehard Montgomery, 
a gallant Irishman who was fighting for our 
independence, the other by General Benedict 
Arnold. 

2. Montgomery descended Lake Champlain 
and captured Montreal. He then marched for- 
ward, hoping to take Quebec. He was joined by 
Arnold, and on December 31st, 1775, the city 
was attacked. The result was a sad defeat for 
the Americans, who were driven back with heavy 
loss; the brave Montgomery was killed, Arnold 
was badly wounded, and the army retreated 
from Canada. 

3. In the 
meanti me 
Washington 
Tvas drilling his 
men about Bos- 
ton, but as he 
had neither ar-' 
tillerynor pow- 
der he could do J 
very little. 

4. Finally, 
however, fifty cannon were dragged to Cam- 
bridge on ox-sleds, and placed in position on 

1. What did Congress do ? 2. What was the result of the 
invasion of Canada? 3. What was W^ashington doing? 




Dragging Cannon to Cambridge. 



70 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Dorchester Heights, from which place their shot 
could easily reach Boston. 

5. Then Washington sent word to General 
William Howe, who had succeeded Oage as 
commander of the British forces, that unless he 
withdrew from the city without delay it would 
be cannonaded. 

6. The British are driven from Boston. — ^As there 
was no means of escape, Howe and his army 
boarded their vessels, and on St. Patrick's Day, 
March 17th, 1776, sailed for Halifax. 

7. The country was row free from British 
troops, and the following day Washington 
entered Boston in triumph. 

8. The British attack Charleston. — The British 
government then sent out several regiments and 
a fleet to attack New York. But as that city was 
too strongly fortified, the ships sailed south, 
hoping to capture Charleston, South Carolina. 

9. This city was protected by a fort built of 
palmetto logs filled in with sand, and its com- 
mander. Colonel Moultrie, made such a gallant 
defense that the enemy was^orced to withdraw 
with a loss of two ships and many men. 

10. During the hottest part of the attack the 

4. How were cannon brought to Cambridge? 5. What 
word did Washington send to Howe? 6. What did Howe 
do? 7. What followed this? 8. What did the British gov- 
ernment do next? What citj did the ships sail for? 9, 
What was the result of the attack on Charleston*? 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 71 

Amtriican flag was shot away, and fell outside 
the fort. Without a moment's hesitation Ser- 
geant Jasper, a braye Irishman, sprung over the 
wall and, in spite of the enemy's fire, picked up 
the flag. Then, fixing it on a sponge-staff, he 
planted it firmly on the fort. For this brave act 
the governor of South Carolina afterward pre= 
i^ented him with his own sword. 

11. The Declaration of Independence. — Up to this 
time the Americans had scarcely thought of 
separating from England, but they no w began to 
feel that King George and the British govern- 
ment would never do them justice. Congress, 
which was composed of representatives from the 
thirteen colonies, therefore appointed a commit- 
tee to draw up the Declaration of Independence. 
This was written by Thomas Jefferson, and on 
July 4th, 1776, was adopted by Congress. Thus 
the United States became a free and independ- 
ent nation. It is said that John Hancock, who 
wrote his name in large, clear letters, added: 
"There, John Bull can read that without spec- 
tacles ; ' ' and when some one remarked to Stephen 
Hopkins that his hand trembled, he answered : 
"True ; but my heart does not." When Charles 

10. What is said of Sergeant Jasper? 11. For what pur- 
pose did Congress appoint a committee? Who wrote the 
Declaration of Independence? What did the United States 
become? What is Hancock reported to have said? 
i^ODkins ? Franklin ? 



72 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Carroll of CarroUton, who was very rich, signed, 
Franklin remarked " There go millions ! " 

12. The people received the news with great 
joj; bells were rung, cannon fired, and the cry 
of "Liberty" sounded throughout the land. 



CHAPTEK XY. 

THE CAMPAIGN IN NEW YORK. — THE BATTLE OF 
LONG ISLAND. — THE CAMPAIGN IN NEW JERSEY. 

1. After driving the enemy from Boston, 
Washington moved his troops to New York. 
General Howe, who had come up from Halifax, 
was encamped on Staten Island. His army had 
been strengthened by fresh regiments sent over 
from England, and he determined to attack the 
Americans. 

2. The battle of Long Island. — General Putnam, 
with a force of about nine thousand patriots, 
held a fort at Brooklyn anjd defenses on the 
hills south of the city. The British crossed 
from Staten Island, and landing on the south- 
western part of Long Island, began an attack, 
August 27th, 1776. The Americans were fight- 
ing bravely when they suddenly heard firing 
behind them. It was too late to escape; they 
were surrounded. Their loss in killed and 

t. To what place did Washington move? 



THE BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 73 

wounded was about four hundred, and over a 
thousand were made prisoners. 

3 . While the battle was going on, Washington 
crossed over from New York, but was unable to 
save the men. Had Howe followed up his vic- 
tory the war might have ended there, but for 
two days he did nothing. 

4. On the second night after the battle there 
was a heavy fog on the Brooklyn side of the 
river. Taking advantage of this, Washington 
collected all the boats he could find, and suc- 
ceeded in getting his army across to New York. 

5. A woman sent a negro servant to tell the 
British that the Americans were escaping, but he 
was caught by some Hessian soldiers employed 
in the British army. They did not understand 
English, and kept the man a prisoner until the 
next day, when his message was too late. The 
following morning, when the British general put 
out his hand to take "the nest of rebels," as he 
called it, he found tha,t the nest was there, but 
that the birds had flown. 

6. As he could not hold the city against the 

larger force, Washington retreated up the island 

toward Harlem, and then continued on to White 

Plains. 

2. What took place on August 27th, 1776? What was 
the result of the battle? 4. How did the Americans escape? 

5. What happened to the negro who was sent to the British? 

6. Where did Washington go after the battle? 



74 PRIMARY fflSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

7. Instead of continuing to follow the Ameri- 
cans, Howe decided to cross into New Jersey. 
Before doing this he attacked Fort Washington, 
on the Hudson, and captured it, taking about 
three thousand prisoners. This was a heavy 
blow to the patriot cause ; many thought Ameri- 
can independence would never be gained, but 
Washington did not lose hope for a moment. 

8. Nathan Hale. — As it was important that 
Washington should know something of the 
enemy's plans, Captain Nathan Hale, a voung 
man only twenty-one years of age, offered to 
enter the British camp and learn what he could. 
Hale, had been a student at Yale College, and 
was teaching school when the battle of Lexing- 
ton occurred. As soon as the news of that fight 
reached him he enlisted in the patriot army, and 
soon rose to be captain of his company. 

9. Hale reached the British camp, made 
drawings of their defenses, with notes in Latin, 
and was on hisway to Washington when he was 
captured. Howe ordered him to be hanged the 
next morning. In the meantime he was treated 
in the most cruel manner. His letters to his 
mother and sister were torn to pieces before his 
eyes, and he was not permitted to see a clergy- 
man. When he was led out for execution he 
was asked for a dying confession. " I only regret 

7. Where did Howe decide to go? What place did he 
attack? With wb at result? 



THE CAMPAIGN IN NEW JERSEY. 75 

that I have but one life to lose for my country," 
said the patriot ; and with these words on his 
lips he died. 

10. The British now threatened Philadelphia, 
and Washington crossed the Hudson and re- 
treated across New Jersey, closely followed by 
the enemy under command of Lord Cornwallis. 

11. As he found he could not hold New Jersey, 
Washington crossed the Delaware Kiver at 
Trenton, and passed over to Pennsylvania, first 
taking care to get possession of every boat for 
miles up and down the river. This left Corn^ 
wallis no other choice than to wait for the stream 
to freeze over. 

12. The Hessians are surprised at Trenton. — The 
patriot army was fast becoming discouraged; 
the men were in rags and barefoot, and provis- 
ions were scarce. Washington saw that some- 
thing must be done. 

13. He resolved upon a bold step. Through a 
blinding snow-storm he recrossed the Delaware 
with his men, though the river was choked w^ith 
floating ice, and on the morning uf December 
26th, 1776, the day after Christmas, he sur- 
prised a force of Hessians at Trenton. 

8, 9. Tell the story of Nathan Hale. 10. What city was now 
threatened by the British? What move did Washington 
make? il. Describe the crossing of the Delaware Kiver by 
Washington. 12. What was the condition of the patrioTi 
army? 13. What bold step did Washington take? What 
was the result ? 



I 



76 



PRIMAitY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



14. So sudden was the attack that nearly a 
thousand of these hired servants of the Enghsh 
king were killed or taken prisoners, and all their 
arms and stores fell into Washington's hands. 
The American loss was only two killed, one 
frozen to death, and six wounded. 




Defeat of the Hessians at Trenton. 

15. The following week Washington defeated 
another body of British at Princeton. Et was 
now the enemy's turn to fall back, and nearly 
fche whole of New Jersey was again in possession 
of the Americans. 

14. What was the British loss ? What was the American 
loss? 15. What was Washington's next victory? What 
was the result of these victories? 



AID FROM FOREIGN LANDS. 



77 



CHAPTER XVI. 

AID FROM FOREIGN LANDS. — THE PENNSYLVANIA 

CAMPAIGN. — VALLEY FORGE. — BURGOYNE's 

CAMPAIGN. 



1. The hopes of the Americans were now re- 
vived. After his victory at Princeton, Washing- 
ton inarched to Morristown, New Jersey, where 
his army went into winter quarters, and the time 
was spent in drilling and preparing the men to 
fight properly. 

2. Aid from France. — In 
the spring of 1777 the 
Marquis de Lafayette {lah- 
fajr-jef), a brave young 
French nobleman, fitted 
out a vessel at his own 
expense with supplies for 
the army, and came over 
to help us in our struggle. 

3. Other lovers of lib- 
erty in foreign lands also offered their services 
to Congress, among them General Steuben {stu^- 
ben), De Kalb, Kosciusko (kos-see-us^ko), and 
Pulaski [pu-las^kee). 

1. What did Washington do after the battle of Princeton ? 
2. Who came over from France to help us? 3. What other 
foreigners offered their services to Congress ? 




Lafayette. 



78 PRIMARl HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. The battle of Brandywine.— In July, 1777, 
General Howe with more than eighteen thousand 
soldiers appeared in Chesapeake Bay on his way 
to capture Philadelphia. Washington hurried 
to head him off, and the two armies met on the 
Brandywine Creek, September 11th. A fierce 
engagement took place, and the Americans were 
defeated w^ith a loss of about twelve hundred 
men. Washington retreated and Howe moved 
on to Philadelphia and entered the city. 

5 . The following month in a battle at German- 
tow^n tlie Americans were again defeated with 
heavy loss. In fact, the result of the Pennsyl- 
vania campaign was very discouraging. 

6. The Americans at Valley Forge. — After this 
both armies went into winter quarters : the Eng- 
lish around Philadelphia, and the Americans at 
Valley Forge. The sufferings of our men were 
very severe ; their dwellings were wretched huts 
which did not protect them from the weather, 
their food was poor and scarce ; they were mist 
erably clothed, many being barefoot, and th&f' 
were unpaid. Had it no¥l3een for their trne, 
stout hearts and their confidence in Washington, 
they ^^ould have given up the struggle. 

7. While Washington was meeting such re- 

4. What can you say about the battle of Brandywine? 
5. What other battle was lost by the Americans? 6. What 
places were selected i'or winter quarters? What was thft 
condition of our men? 



burgoyne's campaign. 79 

verses in Pennsylvania, our men in New York 
State w^ere more successful. 

8. Burgoyne invades New York. — In the spring 
of 1777 General Burgoyne, a distinguished Eng- 
lish officer, set out from Canada with an army of 
about ten thousand men, many of them Indians, 
to invade New York State. His march was 
bravely resisted by a small force of Americans 
under General Schuyler, but this was unable to 
prevent the cruelties practiced on the settlers by 
the Indians and Tories.* 

9. Learning that the patriots had a large 
quantity of stores at Bennington, Vermont, 
Burgoyne sent Colonel Baum to seize them. But 
Colonel John Stark with a body of "Green 
Mountain Boys" and New Hampshire militia 
met and defeated the enemy. It was in this 
battle that Stark is reported to have said: 
*^ There are the red-coats. We must beat them 
to-day, or before night Molly Stark's a widow\" 

10. General Horatio Gates, who now com- 
manded the American army in New York, made 
a stand at Stillwater, and in a battle which took 

7. What is said of our army in New York State ? 8. What 
did Burgoyne do in the spring of 1777? By whom was he 
opposed? Who were the Tories? 9. What can you say of 
the battle of Bennington ? What is Stark reported to have 
said? 



* The Tories were Ihoee Americans or settlers who sided 
with the English. 



80 PRIMAEY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

place drove Burgoyne back, and captured a 
Hessian regiment. 

11. Burgoyne's surrender.— It was now the turn 
of the British to retreat, and Burgoyne made all 
haste to return to Canada. Finding this impos- 
sible, he fell back on Saratoga. Here he was 
hemmed in on all sides ; he had very little food, 
and there was no way of getting more; Clinton, 
who was expected with fresh troops from New 
York, had not arrived, while the American forces 
were being constantly increased by the arrival 
of militia. There was nothing for the British to 
do but to surrender, and this Burgoyne did Oc- 
tober 16th, 1777, and his army of six thousand 
men with cannon and arms fell into the hands of 
the Americans. 

12. We can imagine the effect of this victory 
on the Americans. All fears of invasion from 
Canada were put to rest, the thinned-out ranks 
T)f our armies were filled with new volunteers, 
and there was general rejoicing through the 
country. 

10. What was the result of theHJattle of Stillwater? 
11. What happened at Saratoga? 12. What effect had the 
Victory at Saratoga on the Americans? 



AID FROM FRANCE. 



81 



CHAPTER XVII. 

AID FOM FRANCE. — BEJAMIN FRANKLIN. — THE BAT- 
TLE OF MONMOUTH. — THE MASSACRE OF WYOMING. 



1. More help from France. — Besides 
the drooping spirits of the Americans, the defeat 
of Burgoyne was a benefit in another Tvay. 
France, which had long been friendly to our 
cause, now openly came to our help, and in the 
summer of 1778 sent out a large fleet, with sev- 
eral thousand men. 

2. Benjamin Franklin. — 
This was due mainly to 
the efforts of Benjamin 
Franklin, a patriotic man, 
who was acting as the 
envoy of our country at i^ 
the court of France. 

3. Franklin, who was 
the son of a soap and 
candle maker, was born ^ ^/^^ 
in Boston in 1706. As 
a boy he learned the 

pri iter's trade, and afterward became editor and 

1. In. what other way were the Americans benefited by 
the defeat of Burgoyne? 2. To whom was the help from 
France mainly due? 




Benjamin Franklin, 



82 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

proprietor of one of the leading newspapers in 
Pennsylvania. He was also the author of ' ' Poor 
Richard's Almanac," which is filled ^vith wise 
eajings. His epitaph, or inscription for his tomb, 
which he wrote when only twenty-three years 
old, is very odd. It reads : " The body of Ben- 
jamin Franklin, printer (like the cover of an old 
book, its contents torn out and stripped of its 
lettering and gilding), lies here food for worms. 
Yet the work shall not be lost, for it will, as he 
believed, appear once more in a new and more 
beautiful edition, corrected and amended by the 
author." 

4. By his industry, economy, and honesty 
Franklin rose to be one of the foremost men of 
the country. When he had made a fortune he 
gave up business, and passed his time in scien- 
tific studies. 

5. Having noticed that a cat's back when 
stroked vigorously on a cold night will send 
out electric sparks, Franklin was led to consider 
whether these sparks might not be the same as 
the lightning-flashes. 

6. To find out, he senf^up a kite during a 
thunder-storm, and fastened an iron key to the 
string. Then by touching his knuckle to the key 
he obtained a spark, which satisfied him that 
lightning and electricity are the same. He after* 
ward invented the lightning-rod. 

3-7o Tell what you know about Franklin, 



THE BATTLE OF MONMOUTK. 83 

7. Franklin was one of the committee of five 
chosen by Congress to prepare the ' ' Declaration 
of Independence." He died April 17th, 1790, 
mourned by the country he had served so well. 

8. As soon as the French fleet reached here, 
Clinton, the English general, who had succeeded 
Howe at Philadelphia, was ordered to move to 
New York, for fear he might be shut up in 
Philadelphia. 

9. The battle of Monmouth. — He was overtaken, 
however, at Monmouth by Washington, who 
came on from Valley Forge. A fight occurred, 
and had it not been for the misconduct of 
General Charles Lee the Americans would have 
won a complete victory. As it was, the British 
lost more than four hundred men in killed and 
wounded and eight hundred by desertion. The 
British succeeded in reaching New York, and 
Washington encamped at White Plains. 

10. It was in this battle that Molly Pitcher, 
the wife of an artilleryman, distinguished herself 
by taking her husband's place when he was 
killed, and continuing to load and fire his cannon 
till the fight was over. As a reward for her 
bravery Washington made her a sergeant, and 
Congress gave her half-pay for life. 

8. What happened when the French fleet reached here? 
9. What occurred at Monmouth? What was the British 
loss? What place did the British reach ? Where did Wash- 
ington encamp? 10. What did Molly Pitcher do*^ Hp^ 
was she rewarded ? 



84 



PRIMAEY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



11 . The massacre of Wyoming. — During the sum - 
mer of 1778 ColonelJohn Butler, abrutal English 

officer, with a 
band of Indians 
and Tories, at- 
tacked Wyom- 
ing, a beautiful 
village of Penn- 
sylvania, and in 
the absence of 
the able-bodied 
men who were 
away fighting 
their country's battles, 
killed the old men, women, and 
children, burned the houses and 

Molly Pitcher at the 

Battle OF iioNMouTB. crops, and left the once lovely 
place a ruin. 

12 . Similar barbarous acts occurred elsewhere. 
To put a stop to such outrages, and to punish 
the Indians for their part in the bloody work, 
Washington sent a force which attacked and de- 
feated them, burned their villages, and destroyed 
their fields. 




11. Describe the massacre at Wyoming. 12. What was 
done to stop these outrages and to punish the Indians? 



THE WAR IN THE SOUTH. 85 



CHAPTER XYIIl. 

THE WAR IN THE SOUTH. — ^JOHN PAUL JONES, 
BARRY, AND OTHER NAVAL HEROES. 

1. The British campaign in the South. — Unable 
to subdue our armies at the North, the British 
turned their attention to the Southern States, 
A large army was sent to Georgia, and in a short 
time that State was in possession of the enemy. 

2. South Carolina became frightened and 
called out her militia, but the British forces 
were too strong, and overran the whole State. 

3. In October, 1779, General Lincoln, assisted 
by the French fleet, attempted to recapture 
Savannah. But our men were repulsed with 
heavy loss; among the many killed was brave 
Sergeant Jasper, and Count Pulaski was mor- 
tally wounded. 

4. Naval Operations. — Considering the small size 
of the American navy it did excellent service, for 
in three years our cruisers and privateers * cap- 
tured over five hundred British vessels. 

1. To what part of the country did the British now turn 
their attention ? What happened in Georgia? 3. What in 
South Carolina? 3. How did the attempt to recapture 
Savannah result? 4. What can you say of the American 
navy? What is a cruiser? What is a privateer? 

* A cruiser is an armed ship. A privateer is an armed ves- 



86 PEIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

5. In September, 1779, John Paul Jones, a 
Scotch naval officer who was fighting in the 
cause of American freedom, captured two British 
frigates on the Enghsh coast. Jones's flag-ship, 
the "Bonhomme Richard," was so riddled with 
shot in the engagement that she sunk soon after 
her wounded and the rest of the crew had been 
transferred to one of the captured boats. 

6. Other distinguished officers of our navy 
were Captains Barry, Biddle, Hinman, Manly, 
and McNeil. Captain John Barry, an Irish 
Catholic, afterward head of the American navy, 
with his cruiser, the "Lexington," captured a 
British armed tender* off the capes of the Dela- 
ware. Afterward he destroyed five British ves- 
sels below Philadelphia, without losing a man, 

7. The Loss of Charleston.— After the defeat at 
Savannah General Lincoln withdrew to Charles- 
ton, but he was besieged there by Clinton with 
an army and a fleet and forced to surrender. 

8. The British now had everything their own 
way in the South, except for the continual at- 

5. Who was Paul Jones? Whart did he do? 6. Name 
some other distinguished officers of our navy. What did 
Captain Barry do ? 7. What happened to IJncoln after the 
defeat at Savannah? 



eel belonging to one or more private persons, and having 
the authority of some government to make war on th( 
commerce of its enemy. 
* A tender is a small vessel employed to attend a larger one. 



THE WAR IN THE SOUTH. 8? 

tacks of such patriots as General Francis Marion 
and General Thomas Sumter Their troops, 
though small in number, knew the by-ways 
through the forests and swamps, and taking ad- 
vantage of these, fell upon the enemy when least 
expected, and succeeded in taking many prisoners. 

9. In 1 780, Congress, in the hope of recovering 
the South, sent an army under General Gates to 
South Carolina. Cornwallis had gathered a large 
number of troops at Camden, and there a furious 
battle took place. The Americans were badly 
defeated; our loss in killed and wounded was 
nearly two thousand, and the baggage and artil- 
lery were captured. General DeKalb, our brave 
ally, was mortally wounded in this battle. 

10. General Greene in command at the South. — The 
Carolinas and Georgia were now at the mercy of 
the British. By the advice of Washington, Gen- 
eral Nathanael Greene, an able soldier, was 
sent South to collect an army. Then came a 
change. The British were defeated at Cow- 
pens, South Carolina, and at Eutaw Springs, 
and by the beginning of 1782, with the exception 
of Charleston and Savannah, Greene had recov- 
ered the Carolinas and Georgia. 

8. What can you say of Generals Marion and Sumter? 
9. What took place when Congress sent Gates to South 
Carolina? What was our loss? What brave general was 
mortally wounded? 10. What was the result of sending 
Greene to the South ? 



88 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

Arnold's treason. — the siege of yorktown.— 

THE surrender OF CORNWALLIS. 

1. The treason of Arnold. — General Benedict 
Arnold, who distinguished himself by his bravery 
at Ticonderoga, Quebec, and Saratoga, fell into 
bad habits and got heavily in debt. He w^ent 
from bad to v^orse, until at last in order to get 
money he resolved to betray his country. 

2. He had been placed in command at West 
Point, the most important fortress on the Hud- 
son River. This he agreed to deliver up to the 
English for ten thousand pounds sterling, v\^hich 
is about fifty thousand dollars, and an appoint- 
ment as a general in the British army. 

3. The capture of Andre. — Major Andre, a young 
English officer, was sent to meet Arnold and 
arrange the plans for the act of treachery. 

4. Everything seemed to be working well for 
the traitor. But Providence was watching over 
our country. As Andre was returning to Sir 
Henry Clinton at New York, he was stopped at 
Tarry town by three militiamen, John Paulding, 
David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart. 

1. What happened to Arnold? 2. What did he agree to 
do ? 3. Who was sent to meet him ? 



ARNOLD'S TREASON. 



89 



5. Believing that they sided with theEngHsh, 
Andre told them he was a 
British officer. The men 
searched him, and Ar- 
nold's plans were found 
hidden in his stocking. In 
vain he tried to 
bribe his cap- 
tors to release 
him. They 
took him to 
the nearest 
American post. 
Andre was 
tried as a spy 
and hanged. 

6. Arnold 
heard of An- 
dre's capture 
and fled to New , 
York, and af- ~ ""''^ 
terward took part ^ 
in some battles 
against his country. 
He finally went to 
England, where he 
died in 1801, poor and despised. 

7. Cornwallis in Virginia.— After several battles, 
4, 5. What happened to Andre? 6. What became of 

Arnold? 




The Capture of Andre, 



90 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

in some of v/hich he was victorious and in others 
was defeated, Cornwallis pushed his way into 
Virginia, and laid waste the country on the 
James Kiver beyond Richmond. Lafayette ^was 
at Richmond with an army of about three thou- 
sand men, but that was not large enough to 
attack Cornwallis. 

8. In June, 1781, the English general moved 
toward the coast and encamped at Yorktown, 
on the south side of the York River. 

9. Washington was preparing to attack Clin- 
ton in New York, but changing his plans he 
hurried down to Yorktown. There with the 
combined French and American armies and the 
French fleet under Count DeGrasse {deh grahs^), 
he began the bombardment of the city. 

10. Cornwallis was completely surrounded. 
Be could not escape by land, for Washington, 
Rochambeau {ro'shdn-bo'), and Lafayette pre- 
vented that; nor could he get away by water, 
for De Grasse and his fleet blocked the James 
and York rivers. 

1 1 . The surrender of Cornwallis.— Still the British 
general did not give up. He tried to force his 
way through our lines, but seeing that his posi- 
tion was hopeless, he surrendered on October 

7. Where did Cornwallis next go? Who was at Rich- 
mond? 8. Where did Cornwallis encamp in June, 1781? 
9. What did Washington do? Who assisted him? 10. Why 
could not Cornwallis escape? 



THE SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS. 91 

19th, 1781, with his army of seven thousand 
men, a hundred cannon, and quantities of arms, 
powder, and other ammunition. 

12. The news of this victory caused great re- 
joicing through the country, for the war w^as 
really ended. England, herself, saw how useless 
it was to try to conquer our people, and began 
to talk about making peace. 

13. In the meanwhile, though the armies v^ere 
not disbanded, fighting stopped, and finally a 
treaty of peace was signed at Paris, September 
3d, 1783. 

14. The United States recognized as a nation. — 
Thus after a war of eight years England was 
compelled to acknowledge the independence of 
the thirteen colonies. The United States was at 
once recognized as a nation by France, Spain, 
and Holland, and in a short time by the other 
countries of Europe. 

1 5 . Before the end of the year the British army 
had left our shores, and Washington, thinking 
his work was over, resigned his commission as 
general and retired to his home at Mount Yernon, 
followed by the love of his country and the 
respect of the world. 

16. The bravery, industry, sobriety, honesty, 

11. What did he do October 19th, 1781 ? 12. What was 
the result of this victory? 13. When was a treaty of peace 
made? 14. What nations of Europe recognized the United 
States? 15. What did Washington do? 



92 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and just character of our people were praised by 
all. With a rich and fruitful country the Ameri- 
cans, with the blessing of God, had every reason 
to hope for the greatest prosperity. 



Review III.— The War for Independence. 

What have we learned in the last thirty-four pages? 

We have learned about the war for independence, txr the 
American Revolution, as it is called. 

What caused this war ? 

The war for inde endence was caused by an attempt of 
the British government unjustly to tax the American f 
colonies. 

Where were the first battles of the war, and how did they 
result ? 

The first battles of the war were at Concord and Lexing- 
ton, Massachusetts, in April, 1775, and the Americans were 
the victors. The next battle was at Bunker Hill, in June, 
1775, and the British were left in possession of the field; 
but their loss was many times greater than that of the 
Americans. 

Where was the first naval battle of the war ? 

The first naval battle was on the coast of Maine, and 
resulted in the capture of the British vessel "Margaretta" 
and two war-sloops. 

W^hat was the first thing Washington did when he took 
command of the army ? 

The first thing Washington did when he took command 



REVIEW m. 93 

of the army was to force the British coirmander to with- 
draw his troops from Boston. 

When was the Declaration of Independence adopted? 

The Declaration of Independence was adopted by Con- 
gi-ess July 4th, 1776. 

What can you tell of the progress of the war ? 

The campaign in New York began with the battle of 
Long Island. The Americans were badly defeated, they 
escaped, however, to New York City, and retreated up the 
island. General Howe and the British army then occupied 
New York. Howe afterward took Fort Washington, OE 
the Hudson River. 

What was the next move ? 

"Washington retreated across New Jersey, and, crossing 
the Delaware River, passed into Pennsylvania. On Christ- 
mas night, 1776, recrossing the Delaware in a blinding 
snow-storm, he surprised and captured a large body of the 
enemy at Trenton. By this and other victories Washington 
forced the British almost entirely out of New Jersey. 

How did the campaign in Pennsylvania result ? 

The Americans had no success in the Pennsylvania 
campaign. In a battle on the Brandywine River our army 
was defeated and Howe entered Philadelphia. Then both 
armies went into win,ter quarters. The Americans selected 
Valley Forge for this purpose; they suffered greatly there 
from want of food, clothing, and proper protection from 
the cold. 

What was the next move on the part of the British ? 

Burgoyne with a British army invaded New York, but 



94 PRIMAEY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

he was met bravely by our men, and was finally forced to 
surrender with his whole army at Saratoga. 

What help did the Americans receive from Europe? 

In 1778 France sent out a fleet to help America. This 
forced the British to leave Philadelphia and retreat to 
New York. Washington followed them, but no important 
battles occurred. 

To what part of the country did the British next turn 
their attention ? 

The British next turned their attention to the South. 
They captured Savannah and Charleston, and soon had 
possession of the entire States of Georgia and South 
Carolina. Several battles took place in which the Americans 
were defeated. Finally, General Greene was put in com- 
mand, and, after some fighting, drove the British from the 
States with the exception of Savannah and Charleston. 

How did the American navy succeed ? 

Considering its small size, the American navy did very 
well. In three years our cruisers and privateers captured 
over five hundred British vessels. 

What was the final battle of the war ? 

The last battle of the war was at Yorktown. General 
Oornwallis, who had encamped there with his army, was 
BO completely surrounded by Washington and his French 
allies that he was unable to escape. He surrendered 
October 19th, 1781, and that ended the war. 

When was peace made ? 

Fighting stopped at once, after the battle of YorktowH, 
and a treaty of peace was signed at Paris, September 3d, 
1783. 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 95 



CHAPTEE XX. 

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. — 
WASHINGTON THE FIRST PRESIDENT. — INDIAN 
TROUBLES. — RELIGIOUS CHANGES. 

1. Paying debts. — ^Up to the close of the Revo- 
lution Congress had power to fit out ships of 
war, buy arms, make treaties, and manage all 
other business of the United States. But it had 
no right to tax the people in any way ; so, in 
order to pay the debts of the country, each 
State was asked to give its share. 

2. It was one thing, however, to ask for money 
and another to get it. The people thought it 
was enough to pay off their own State debt; 
and when Massachusetts tried to raise money 
by taxation for her share of the national debt, 
a rebellion followed, and the milita.ry had to be 
called out to put it down. 

3. The Constitution of the United States. — Then 
the people began to see that Congress must have 
more power. A number of wise and patriotic 
men, who were appointed by the different States, 
met at Philadelphia, and, after considering many 

1. What power had Congress up to the close of the Kevo- 
lution? What did it do in order to pay the debts of the 
country? "2. What happened when Massachusetts tried to 
raise money by taxation? 



96 PPJMAEY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

plans, agreed upon certain laws which were 
called the Constitution of the United States. 

4. By this Constitution it was agreed that a 
President was to be elected every four years, 
and that Congress was to consist of a Senate 
composed of two members from each State, and 
a House of Eepresentatives to which each State 
sent members according to its population. 

5. The power to make laws was given to Con- 
gress. The power to see that the laws are car- 
ried out was intrusted to the President. The 
power to interpret laws, that is, to say what is 
meant by them, was given to certain courts. 

6. This Constitution was agreed to by all the 
States except Ehode Island and North Carolina. 

7. Washington the first President. — The first 
election under the Constitution was held in 
January, 1789, and the choice of the country 
for President was George Washington. John 
Adams, of Massachusetts, was elected Vice- 
President. 

8. The Catholics of the United States joined 
with their fellow-citizens ijo^honoring Washing- 
ton, and sent him an address expressing their 

3. What was agreed on at Philadelphia by the meD 
appointed by the different States? 4. What was agreed 
upon by this Constitution? 5. What power was given to 
Congress? To the President? To the courts? 6. What 
States agreed to this Constitution? 7. Who was elected 
first President of the United States ? Who Vice-President? 



INDIAN TROUBLES. 97 

pleasure at his election, and saying that they 
expected to enjoy great happiness under hig 
administration. 

9. In Ms answer to this address the President 
wrote: ^^ I presume that your fellow-citizens will 
not forget the patriotic part which you took in 
the accomplishment of their Eevolution and the 
establishment of their government, or the im- 
portant assistance which they received from a 
nation in which the Roman Catholic faith is 
professed." 

10. One of the first acts of Congress was 
to lay a duty on goods coming from foreign 
countries. This brought the government quite 
a large sum of money, and in a few years the 
debt of the Revolution was paid. 

11. As goods from Rhode Island and North 
Carolina would be subject to this tax, these 
colonies made haste to agree to the Constitu- 
tion and join the Union. Thus all the original 
thirteen colonies were in the United States. 

12. Indian troubles. — Encouraged by British 
agents, the Indians in the West from time to 
fcime made attacks upon the white settlers. 
Troops sent to put them down were defeated ; 
but at last General Anthony Wayne, known as 

8. What did the Catholics of the United States do? 
9. What did Washington write in answer to the Catholics? 
10 What was one of the first acts of Congress? 11. What 
did Rhode Island and North Carolina do ? 



PKIMARY HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 




"Mad Anthony," was sent against them, and 
punished the savages so severely that they were 
glad to make peace. 

13, The Catholic Church.— As there were n« 
bishops in the United 
States, the Catholics oi 
this country were un- 
der the care of a Vicar- 
Apostolic living in Lon- 
don. But in the year 

p 1784 Pope Pius YI. ap- 
^- pointed Kev. John Car- 
roll Prefect -Apostolic 
of our country. He 
was a learned and patri- 
otic priest, a native of 
Maryland . Five years later he was made Bishop 
of Baltimore, and in April, 1808, Archbishop. 

14. Seminaries for the education of priests, 
colleges, convents, and schools were soon estab- 
lished. About this time, too, some Catholic 
books were published here. At first a few un- 
important ones, but in 1789 a quarto Catholic 
Bible Tvas got up by Matthew Carey of Phila- 
delphia. 

12. What can you say about the Indians in the West? 
What do you know of" Mad Anthony " ? 13. Who was ap- 
pointed Vicar- Apostolic of our country? What can you say 
about Kev. John Carroll? 14. What were soon tstab- 
lished? 



Archbishop Carroll. 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF WASHINGTON AND ADAMS. 1)9 

15. In most States persons of all religiona 
had equal rights ; but the English hatred of the 
Church had not quite died out, and in some 
places Catholics were not allowed to vote. 

CHAPTEE XXI. 



THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF WASHINGTON AND 
ADAMS, CONTINUED. 

1. The new government organized. — Washing* 
ton took the oath of office as President in New 




The Capitol, Washington. 



York City, which 
was at first the cap- 
ital of our country. 
In 1790 it was de- 
cided that the capital should be removed for ten 
years to Philadelphia. After that it was to be in 

15. "What was the result of the English hatred of the 
Church? 



100 PEIMAEY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATJiS, 

a new city, called Washington, on a piece of land 
ten miles square, given by the States of "Virginia 
and Maryland, and known as the District of 
Columbia. It was thus independent of any State. 

2. The new city was laid out by Maj or T En- 
fant {iQn-f^n^), a Catholic officer who served in 
the Eevolution. The building in which Congress 
meets is called the Capitol. 

3. In 1792 Washington was re-elected Presi- 
dent. Under him the country was very pros- 
perous. A piece of land lying between New 
York and New Hampshire and claimed by both 
States was admitted into the Union in 1791 as 
the State of Vermont; in 1792 the western part 
of Virginia came in as the State of Kentucky; 
and in 1796 the western part of North Carolina^ 
as the State of Tennessee. 

4. In 1789 a bloody revolution broke out in 
France ; the king and the queen were killed, and 
a so-called republic was established. 

5. The recall of the French minister. — England, 
Spain, and Holland went to war with France, 
and many of our people thought that we ought 
to help the latter, out of gratitude for the help 
she had given us during our war. 

1. What city became the first capital of our country? 
What city was finally selected? 2. What is the building 
called in which Congress meets? 3. What States came into 
the Union? 4. What happened in France in 1789? 5. 
What did many of our people think we ought to do ? 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF WASHINGTON AND ADAMS. 101 

6. But it was not our quarrel, and Washing-^^ 
ton did not want us to take part in it. When 
France sent over to us a minister, or govern- 
ment officer, who tried to raise troops and fit 
out war vessels here for France, the President 
insisted that he should be called home. 

7. A new treaty with England. — Great Britain 
still held some forts in the West, but she gave 
them to us by a treaty made in 1795. In the 
same year the boundary line between the 
United States and Louisiana and Florida, which 
at that time belonged to Spain, was agreed 
upon. 

8. John Adams, second President. — ^As Washing- 
ton refused to serve as President for a third 
term, John Adams was chosen for that office, and 
Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, Tvas elected Vice- 
President. Washington retired to his home at 
Mount Vernon, there to pass the rest of his days 
in peace. 

9. At one time, while Adams was President, it 
looked as if we should have war with France; in 
fact, fighting had already begun at sea, but, 
happily, a treaty of peace was made which setr 
tied matters. 

6. What did Washington do? 7. What was done by 
Great Britain in 1795 ? What boundary line was settled m 
the same year ? 8. Who was chosen as second President? 
What did Washington do? 9. What nearly happened while 
Adams was President ? 



102 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATED. 

10. Death of Washington. — On December 14th, 
1799, George Washington died, an event which 
brought sorrow to every American heart. Con- 
gress mourned him as "first in war, first in 
peace, and first in the hearts of hiscountrj^men,'* 
and in every part of our land the people met to 
express their grief. Washington was buried in 
the family vault at Mount Vernon. 



CHAPTER XXII. 

THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF JEFFERSON AND 
MADISON. 

1. Jefferson, third President. — Thomas Jefferson 
was elected third Presi- 
dent and Aaron Burr, of 
New York, Vice-Presi- 
dent. They were sworn 
into office, or inaugu- 
rated as it is called, 
March 4:th, 1801. 

2. The purchase of Lou 

isiana. — The most impor- 

thomas Jefferson. tantevciit that happened 

while Jefferson was President was the purchase 

in 1803 of Louisiana from France. This had been 

IC. What sad event occurred December 14th, 1799 ? What 
was said in Congress of Washington? 
1. Who was the third President? 




ADMINISTRATIONS OF JEFFERSON AND MADISON, lUB 

given up to France by Spain in 1800. It cost us 
fifteen million dollars, but it included the entire 
country west of the Mississippi to the Kocky 
Mountains, a tract of land larger than all the rest 
of the United States at that time. It also secured 
to us full control of the Mississippi River. 

3. In the same year Ohio was admitted as a 
State, and Indiana and Mississippi became 
Territories. 

4. The Barbary States punished. — American ves- 
sels had suffered some years from the attacks of 
Barbary pirates, and at last our government 
resolved to punish the offenders. A fleet was 
sent to the Mediterranean Sea, and Tripoli 
(trip^o-lee), one of the Barbary States, was bom- 
barded, and the Pasha {pash^au), as the Turkish 
governor is called, was forced to make peace. 

5. For a time our ships were not troubled, but 
in 1812, while we were at war with England, 
the Dey (daj), or governor, of Algiers {al-jeerz'), 
another of the Barbary States, again began to 
seize our vessels. Commodore Decatur was sent 
against him. He captured two of the largest 
Algerine vessels, forced the Dey to come on 
board the Commodore's ship and sign a treaty, 

2. What purchase did the United States make while Jeffer- 
son was President ? What part of the country did Louisiana 
include? 3. What State and what Territories were ad- 
mitted in 1803 ? 4. What can you tell about the Barbary 
pirates ? 



104 PRIMARY HIS'^ yRY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

made him release his prisoners, and pay for the 
damage done to our ships. Thus the Algerines 
received a lesson that taught them to respect us 
forever after. 

6. In 1804 Jefferson was re-elected President, 
and this time George Clinton, of New York, was 
chosen Vice-President. 

7. England and France were then at war, and 
neither nation wanted America to trade with the 
other. So England forbade American vessels to 
enter French ports with their cargoes, and 
France forbade them to enter English ports. 

8. England seizes our men at sea. — Then began a 
succession of insults. Pretending that our ships 
disobeyed this order, England seized many of 
them. She also stopped others on the sea and 
took off a number of our sailors under the pre- 
tense that they were British subjects. In this 
way, it is believed, she forced as many as six 
thousand American citizens into her navy. 

9. Our people were very angry at this, but 

nothing was done to stop the abuse. Finally, in 

June, 1807, the British frigate " Leopard " fired 

on the American frigate "Chesapeake" when it 

was not prepared for an attack, and carried off 

four men who were claimed as British deserters. 

5. What did the Dey of Algiers do? Who was seat to 
punish him? What did Decatur do? 6. What happened in 
1804? 7. What did England and France do? 8. What did 
England do to our ships? 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF JEFFERSON AND MADISON. 105 

Three of these men, as was afterward proved, 
were American citizens. 

10. Madison, fourth President. — The time for the 
election of a President had come round again, 
and James Madison, of Virginia, was chosen to 
succeed Jefferson, and Clinton was again made 
Vice-President. 

11. Madison was inaugurated March 4th, 
1809, and found plenty of work on his hands, 
as war was just about to begin. 

12. More Indian troubles. — The Indians m the 
West, encouraged by England and led by Te- 
cumseh, agreat chief, went on the war-path and 
fell upon our unprotected settlers. But General 
William Henry Harrison, then governor of Indi- 
ana Territory, attacked the savages near the 
town of Tippecanoe (tip-e-ka-nob^) , and com- 
pletely scattered them. Tecumseh afterward 
entered the British army, and was made a 
brigadier-general . 

13. War again with England. — England still con- 
tinued to insult us ; in fact, instead of becoming 
better she grew worse, and, at last, unable longer 
to stand her abuse, war was declared in June, 
1812. 

9. What did the "Leopard" do? 10, 11. Who was the 
fourth President? 12. What did Tecumseh and the Indians 
in the West do ? 13. What happened in June, 1812 ? 



106 PRIMAEY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

THE WAR OF 1812. 

1. The surrender of Detroit.— The war opened 
with a disgraceful defeat for the Americans. 
General Hull, governor of Michigan Territory, 
invaded Canada, but after some skirmishes fell 
back on Detroit. There he was followed by 
General Brock, governor of Canada. Hull was 
ordered to surrender. His men stood ready to 
fight while a drop of blood remained in their 
veins, but without waiting to be attacked, with- 
out firing a shot at the enemy, Hull, in the most 
cowardly way , raised a white table-cloth over the 
fort as a sign that he surrendered. With tears 
streaming down their cheeks his men begged 
him to hold out, but all in vain. Thus not only 
Detroit with all its troops, stores, and public 
property, but the whole of Michigan was sur- 
rendered to the British. 

2. Hull was afterward tried by a court-mar- 
tial, that is, a court composed of army officers, 
and sentenced to be shot for cowardice; but 
President Madison pardoned him because he had 
served his country faithfully during the Eevohi- 
tionary war. 

1. What happened at Detroit in 1812 ? Tell the story of 
Hull's surrender. 2. To w^hat was Hull sentenced? Why 
did President Madison pardon him ? 



THE WAR OF 1812. 107 

3. Later in the year attempts were again made 
by the Americans to capture Canada, but, though 
our men showed great bravery, they were not 
successful. In these battles Lieutenant-Colonel 
Winfield Scott, Avho years after became general 
of our armies, distinguished himself. 

4. American victories at sea. — Our navy in the 
meanwhile was gaining many victories. On 
August 19th, 1812, the frigate "Constitution,'' 
commanded by Captain Isaac Hull, as brave a 
sailor as ever lived, after a desperate fight caused 
the British frigate '' Guerriere " {gare-re-yair^) to 
surrender. Other naval successes followed, and 
our little navy was covered with glory. 

5. That most of our people were in favor of 
the war was shown by the re-election of President 
Madison in the fall of 1812. Elbridge Gerry of 
Massachusetts was chosen Vice-President. 

6. England had so long been called the " Mis- 
tress of the Seas " that defeats by a small navy 
like ours were very hard to bear. But the vic- 
tories were not to be all on one side. 

7. The frigate "Chesapeake" was being re- 
fitted in Boston harbor when she was challenged 
to fight by the British flag-ship ' ' Shannon. " The 
"Chesapeake" was in no condition for battle, 

3. How did the attempt to capture Canada succeed? 4, 
What can you tell about our navy? What happened on 
August 19th, 1812? 5. What was shown by the re-election 
of Madison ? G. What did England find hard to bear ? 



\ 



i08 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and did not liave her full crew; but her com- 
mander, Captain James Lawrence, accepted the 
challenge. A terrible engagement followed; 
Lawrence was mortally wounded, and the 
*' Chesapeake" was forced to surrender. 

8. As Lawrence was being carried from the 
deck, he cried out almost with his dying breath, 
"Don't give up the ship ! " Though that com- 
mard could not be obeyed, his words were used 
as a battle-cry by our sailors and soldiers for 
years, and led to many a victory. 

9. A division of General Harrison's army, 
under General Winchester, sent against Detroit, 
was attacked by a body of British and Indians, 
and compelled to surrender. Many of the 
wounded and prisoners were brutally killed by 
the Indians. 

10. In July, 1813, Fort Stephenson, at Lower 
Sandusky, Ohio, was besieged by the British, 
but its commander, Major Croghan, a brave 
young officer only twenty-two years old, forced 
the enemy to retreat, though he had only half 
their number of men and but one cannon. 

11. Perry's victories on Lake Erie. — To drive the 
British from the lakes, of which they had con- 
trol, Commodore Oliver H. Perry fitted out nine 

7. What happened to the "Chesapeake"? 8. What were 
Lawreuee's Qj-ng words? 9. What happened to the army 
under General Winchester? 10. Describe Croghan's defense 
of Fort Stephenson ? 



THE WAR OF 1812. 109 

vessels on Lake Erie, and in September, 1813, 
sailed out to meet the British fleet. Then fol- 
lowed a savage fight. Perry's ship, the "Law- 
rence," was shot all to pieces, but her brave 
commander carried his flag, which bore the 
motto ''Don't give up the ship," to another of 
his vessels, the ' ' Niagara, ' ' and kept up the battle 
until the whole British fleet surrendered. 

12. Perry sent the following modest message 
to General Harrison with the news of the vic- 
tory: "We have met the enemy, and they are 
ours." 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

THE WAE or 1812, CONTINUED. 

1. Harrison defeats the British on the ThameSc 

^The British felt that Michigan was no longer 
safe after Perry's victory, and retreated into 
Canada. There they were overtaken by General 
Harrison, who attacked and defeated them on 
the river Thames {teniz). In this battle the 
Indian chief Tecumseh was killed. 

2. The Americans next made an attempt to 
invade Canada. York (now Toronto) and Fort 
George were taken, but the victories w^ere of 
no benefit, and when General Hampton tried to 

11. Tell what you can about Perry. 12. What was Perry's 
message ? 
1. What was done after Perry's victory? 



110 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

advance into Canada he was completely de- 
feated. 

3. Chippewa and Lundy's Lane. — Our troops were 
more successful near Niagara. They captured 
Fort Erie and defeated the British at Chippewa. 
Thenf ollowed a stubborn battle at Lundy's Lane 
in which both sides lost heavily and neither could 
claim the victory. 

4. The battle of Plattsburg. — In September, 
1814, an English army fourteen thousand strong 
and a fleet advanced upon Plattsburg, on Lake 
Champlain. There they were stopped by General 
Macomb {ma-koom') with less than three thou- 
sand men and a small fleet under Commodore 
Macdonough {mak-dun^ uh) . 

5. While Macomb kept the British army en- 
gaged, Macdonough attacked their fleet, and 
with such success that in two hours' time all 
their vessels had either hauled down their flags 
or were running away as fast as wind and sail 
would carry them. 

6. Washington captured and burned. — In Au- 
gust, 1814, a British fleet of-flfty or sixty vessels 
entered Chesapeake Bay, sailed up the Potomac 
River, and landed an army of five thousand men. 
This entered Washington and burned the Capitol, 

2. What was the result of Hampton's advance into Can- 
ada? 3. What was the result of the battle at Fort Erie? 
A-t Lundy's Lane? 4. What took place at Plattsburg, od 
Lake Champlain ? 5. What success had Macdonough? 



THE WAR OF 1812. 



Ill 



the President's house, and other public build- 
ings. 

7. The attack on Baltimore. — Then the British 
sailed to Baltimore, and while their army pre- 
pared to attack that place, the fleet attempt-ed 
the capture of Fort Mc Henry, which commanded 
the entrance to the city. All day and all one 
night shot and shell were fired at the fort; 
but finding their efforts useless, the enem}' re- 
^mbarked and sailed away. 

8. It was during the bombardment of Fort 
McHenry that Francis S. Key, who was a 
prisoner on the 
British fieet, 
wrote the fa- 
mous song "The 
Star-Spangled 
Banner." 

9. The British 
at New Orleans. 
—-England now 
determined to 
strike a blow at 
New Orleans. 
In December, 
1814, a British fleet carrying twelve thousand 




Cotton-bale Defenses at New Orleans. 



6. What did the British fleet do in August, 1814? 7. What 
can you tell of the attack on Fort McHenry? 8. What 
famous song was written at that time? 9, 10. What 
happened at New Orleans ? 



112 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

men entered Lake Borgne (born), and captured 
a small American naval force. 

10. Then the army was landed about nine 
miles from New Orleans, and prepared to attack 
the city. But General Andrew Jackson was 
there, and he was not the man to surrender 
without a fight. 

11 As rapidly as possible he threw up de- 
fenses of earth and cotton-bales, and posted his 
men behind them. 

12. On January 8th, 1815, the British began 
the attack. Jackson did not waste his powder ; 
he waited till the Englishmen were close, and 
then fired a deadly volley at them. Officers and 
men were shot down, and though the British 
tried hard to carry the American works, they 
were driven back in confusion. Their loss was 
two thousand men, while our side lost only 
thirteen. 

13. A grand Te Deum was sung in the New 
Orleans cathedral in thanksgiving for the victory. 

14. Peace.— There was now a general wish for 
peace, especially in the New England States^ 
In fact, the war had never~been popular with 
them, and they even threatened to leave the 
Union and join Canada. 

15. In February the news reached here that a 

12. How did Jackson receive the British? 13. What was 
done in the New Orleans cathedral? 14. What did New 
Eno-land want? What had she threatened to do ? 



MONROE AND JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 113 

treaty of peace had been signed in Europe in 
December, 1814, so that the battle of New 
Orleans was fought when the two nations were 
not at war. 

16. Though business suffered during the war, 
the country continued to grow. Louisiana be- 
came a State in 1812, and Indiana in 1816. 

17. At the election in the fall of 1816, James 
Monroe, of Virginia, was chosen President, and 
Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, Vice-President. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF MONROE AND 
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 

1. Immigration. — The long wars in Europe 
caused great distress among the people there, 
and thousands came over to this country. This 
helped business here: factories were established, 
mines were worked, and new settlements were 
formed in the West. 

2. The first steamboat.— In the year 1807 Robert 
Fulton, a native of Pennsylvania, built the 
'' Clermont," the first successful steamboat. This 
was another step toward improving business. 

15. Wlien was a treaty of peace signed? 16. When did 
Louisiana and Indiana become States? 17. Who was 
elected President in 1816? 

1. What brought many people here from Europe? 



114 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



On its first trip the new boat ran up the Hudson 

Eiver to Al- 
bany in thirty- 
six hours; 
$ whereas, by 
the old way of 
sailing vessels, 
the journey 
took a w^eek 




Fulton's First Steamboat. 



or more. 



3. Another improvement w^as the opening of 
the Erie Canal. This united Lake Erie with the 
Hudson Eiver, and the wheat, corn, and other 
productions of the West could thereby be sent 
cheaply to New York City. 

4. Purchase of Florida.— Florida still belonged 
to Spain, but the United States bought it in 1819, 
though it was not given up to us till two years 
later. By this purchase St. Augustine, which 
was founded in 1565 and is the oldest city on 
our coast, came into the United States. 

5. In 1820 Missouri asked for admission as 
a State. At one time negr^^slavery existed in 
nearly all the States, but it was gradually done 
away 'with till it remained only in Maryland 
and in the South. 

2. What can you tell about the first steamboat? 3. What 
about the Erie Canal ? 4. Tell what you caniabout Florida. 
5. What did Missouri askior in 1820? What can you tell 
about negro slavery? 



MONROE AND JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 115 

6. The " Missouri Compromise." — Therefore, whea 
Missouri applied for admission to the Union a 
dispute arose in Congress whether it should 
come in as a slave State or not. Finally Henry 
Clay, a great statesman, suggested that it should 
be admitted as a slave State, but that in future 
all land north of its southern Hne should be freeo 
This was agreed upon and is known as the 
"Missouri Compromise." 

7. In the same year Maine was admitted to 
the Union. 

8. The "Monroe Doctrine."— In 1820 Presi- 
dent Monroe and Vice-President Tompkins were 
re-elected. During their second term there 
was talk of Spain reconquering some of the 
South American republics, but President Mon- 
roe declared that the United States would 
not permit any foreign nation to gain power 
in America. This is what is known as the "Mon- 
roe Doctrine," and was approved by the whole 
country, and has ever since been upheld by our 
government. 

9. John ftuincy Adams, sixth President. — John 
Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, and John C. 
Calhoun, of South Carolina, were next chosen 
as President and Vice-President. No events of 

6. What dispute arose in Congress about Missouri? How 
was it settled ? By what name is the agreement known? 

7. What other new State was added to the Union in 1820? 

8. What is known as the "Monroe Doctrine"? 



116 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

any importance happened during their term of 
office. 

10. On July 4th, 1826, John Adams and 
Thomas Jefferson died. Both had signed the 
Declaration of Independence, fifty years before, 
and each had been President of the United 
States. 

11. Railroads. — About 1826 attempts were 
made to introduce steam railroads here. Steam 
had been successfully used for railroads in Eng- 
land by George Stephenson in 1814. 

12. In 1828 Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, 
then over ninety years of age, broke ground for 
the building of a railroad which was to run out 
of Baltimore. This very road afterward became 
part of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad. 

13. In the year 1831 the Mohawk and Hudson 
Railroad, New York, began to carry passengers. 
Gradually other railroads were built, and a new 
and quicker means of travel took the place of 
slow-going wagons and stage-coaches. 

14. A protective tariff.— In the year 1818 Con- 
gress passed the first protective tariff. It came 
about in this way. The people at the North and 
in the Eastern States, who were manufacturing 
goods of various kinds, found that similar goods 
could be brought from Europe and sold cheaper 

9. Who was the sixth President? 10. What two distin- 
guished men died July 4th, 1826 ? 11-13. What can you tell 
about the attempts to introduce steam railroads here? 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF JACKSON AND VAN BUREN. 117 

than the home-made articles. To protect them 
a tariff or tax, called duty, was placed on foreign 
goods, so that they could not be brought to this 
country and sold for less than goods made here. 
* 15. As the South did not manufacture, her 
people were opposed to this tariff. So were 
many others of our citizens, and the question of 
protection or tariff-tax and free-trade or no 
tariff-tax has ever since been a disputed one. 

16. How our country had grown may be seen 
from the fact that instead of thirteen States we 
now had twenty-four, and our population, 
which at the beginning of Washington's term of 
oflBce was about four millions, had increased to 
ten millions. 



CHAPTEK XXVI. 

THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF JACKSON AND VAN BUREN. 

1. Jackson, seventh President. — General Andrew 
Jackson, of Tennessee, was chosen as the seventh 
President, and served for two terms. He was a 
firm patriot, fearless, and a man of strong will. 

2. In 1832 Congress passed a new tariff bill 
which greatly displeased the South . South Caro- 
lina prepared to resist the collection of duties, 

14, 15. Tell what you can about protection and free-trade. 
16. How had our country grown? 
1. What can you say of the seventh President? 




118 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

or tariff-tax, and even threatened to leave the 
Union if the law was carried out. 

3. Jackson's firmness. — For a time it looked 
as if there might be bloodshed. But Jackson's 

firmness saved the 
country. Although he 
did not like the tariff 
bill himself, he declared 
it must be obeyed, be- 
cause it was the law, and 
sent General Scott to 
Charleston with orders 
to see that it was obeyed. 
Not long after, Henry 

Andrew Jackson. ^, , . , . 

Clay, who was the great 
peace-maker, succeeded in settling the difficulty, 
for the time, by arranging to have the duties 
gradually reduced. 

4. Indian wars. — Serious trouble with the In- 
dians arose during Jackson's term of office. The 
government had made an arrangement by which 
a number of Indian tribes were to remove to 
lands w^est of the MississipprEiver. 

5. The Seminole Indians of Florida agreed to 
this, but when the time came to move they re- 
fused to go . The government tried to force them 
away, and a war followed. It lasted several 

2. What did South Carolina do when the new tariff bill was 
passed? 3. What did the President do? How did Henry 
Clay settle the difRculty ? 4, 5. What In diaa troubles arose? 



ADMINITSTRATIONS OF JACKSON AND VAN BUREN. 119 



years, and cost many lives and millions of dol- 
lars. 

6. The growth of the Catholic Church in the 
United States was in proportion to that of 
the country. New dioceses were formed, and 
churches, colleges, schools, and asylums were 
built. 

7. The fiist Provincial Council. — In 1829 the 
Catholic bishops of the United States met for 
the first time in a Provincial Council at Balti- 
more. There were present one archbishop, five 
bishops, and one administrator, and wise regu- 
lations were adopted. 

8. On November 10th, 1832, the Church and the 
country met with a great loss 
in the death of Charles Carroll 
of Carrollton, the last surviving 
signer of the Declaration of 
Independence. 

9. The increase of churches 
and Catholic institutions 
aroused the hate of some ig- 
norant people, and this caused 
a sad result. 

10. Anti-Catholic feeling. — On 
the night of August 11th, 1834, 
a mob from Boston and Charlestown, Massachu- 

6, 7. Tell what you can of the growth of the Church. 8. 
With what loss did the Church and country meet in November, 
1832 ? 9. What feeling did the growth of the Church arouse? 




Charles Carroll. 



120 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED 8TATES. 

setts, attacked a fine Ursuline convent and acad- 
emy at Chariest own, drove out the helpless 
ladies and children, and burned the buildings to 
the gronnd. No one was ever punished for the 
crime, nor has the State of Massachusetts ever 
paid for the loss. 

11. Arkansas {ai^ksin-saw) was admitted as 
a State in 1836, and Michigan also became a 
State in 1837. 

12. Van Buren, eighth President.— In the election 
of 1836 Martin Van Buren, of New York, was 
chosen President, and Colonel Kichard M. John- 
son, of Kentucky, Vice-President. When Van 
Buren came into office business was in a very 
bad condition. Merchants and banks failed, 
factories and mills stopped, thousands of men 
were thrown out of work, and even the govern- 
ment found it hard to pay its debts. Fortunately 
the country recovered, business began again, and 
the "Panic of '37," as it is called, was over. 

13. Texas an independent republic. — Serious 
trouble occurred in what is now the State of 
Texas. That territory belonged to the republic 
of Mexico, but was largely settled by people from 
the United States, who had obtained grants of 
land there. They did not like many of the 

10. What happened at Charleetowii on the night of August 
11th, 1834? 11. What new State was admitted in 1836? 
Who was elected President that year? 12. In what con- 
dition was business when Van Buren carae into office? 



HARRISON, TYLER, AND POLK. 121 

Mexican laws, and in 1835 rebelled and declared 
Texas an independent republic. 

14. Of course Mexico would not part so easily 
with her property, and sent troops to put down 
the rebellion. Several battles were fought, and 
on April 21st, 1886, an army led by General 
Santa Anna, President of Mexico, was defeated 
by a body of Texans commanded by General 
Samuel Houston (hu\ston), and Santa Anna 
himself w^as taken prisoner. Then the United 
States acknowledged Texas as an independent 
repubhc. 

CHAPTER XXVII. 

THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF HARRISON, TYLER, AND 
POLK. 

1. William Henry Harrison, ninth President. — 
General William Henry Harrison, the hero of 
Tippecanoe, was next elected President, with 
John Tyler, of Virginia, as Vice-President. 

2. Tyler, tenth President — President Harrison 
died one month after he became Pi^esident. By 
the laws of the United States, when a President 
dies in office, the Vice-President takes his place 
and serves out his term. On the death of Harri- 
son, Tyler, therefore, became President. 

13. Tell what you can of matters in Texas. 14. What 
took place on April 21st, 1836? 

1. Who was next elected President? 2. How long was 
Harrison President? 



122 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3. Tyler refused to sign a bill for restoring th^ 
United States Bank, which was to have charge 
of all the public money. This displeased the 
party that elected him, and, in consequence, all 
his Cabinet, or heads of the different departments 
of the government, resigned, except Daniel 
Webster, who was Secretary of State. 

4. Trouble in Rhode Island. — Although so many 
changes had taken place in the country,the State 
of Ehode Island was still governed by the old 
charter granted by King Charles II. Under this 
charter only those persons who owned a certain 
amount of property could vote. 

5. Some of the people who were opposed to 
this called a convention and elected Thomas W. 
Dorr governor. This was declared illegal, and 
troops had to be sent to Ehode Island to restore 
order. A new constitution was finally adopted, 
and went into effect in May, 1843. 

6. Before the close of Tyler's term of office 
Florida became a State, and the republic of 
Texa,s was also admitted to the Union. 

7. The "Native American "^iots. — About 1842 

the Catholics of New York City tried to bring 

about Dj change in the management of the public 

schools. This revived tjie old hatred against 

Catholics, and the '^Native Americans," a party 

3. How did Tyler displease his party? What was the 
consequenee? 4, 5. Tell about the trouble in Rhode Island. 
6. What new States were admitted ? 



HARRISON, TYLER, AND POLK, 



123 





ARCHBISHOP Hughes. 



opposed to foreigners and to Catholics, was 
formed. 

8. Riots followed in Philadelphia; churches 
and dwelling-houses were 

destroyed, and many per- 
sons Avere killed. A riot was 
also threatened in New York; 
but was prevented by the 
courage and exertions of 
Bishop, afterward, Arch- 
bishop, Hughes. 

9. The first telegraphic 
message.— Samuel F.B. Morse, 
of Charlestown, Massachu- 
setts, the inventor of the 
electric telegraph, had set up and worked a wire 
as far back as 1835, but it was not until 1844 
that the first telegraph line was built. This 
was between Washington and Baltimore, and 
the first public message sent over its wires was 
the news that James K. Polk, of Tennessee, had 
been nominated, or named, for President. 

10. Polk, eleventh President.— "War with Mexico.— 

Polk w^as elected, and was hardly seated in the 

White House when war began with Mexico. 

The government of that country had always 

claimed Texas as part of its territory. Besides, 

7. What aroused the old hatred against Catholics? 8. 
What followed? How was a riot prevented in New York? 
9. What was invented about this time? What was tke 
■ first public message sent by telegraph ? 



124 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



there was a dispute as to what was the right 
boundary between Mexico and Texas. Mexico 
claimed the Nueces (nwaysez) Eiver as the 
dividing line, while the United States said it was 
the Rio Grande {ree^o gran^day). Mexico re- 
fused to admit this, and President Polk sent 
General Zachary Taylor with a small army to 
take the strip of land between the two rivers. 

11. Two battles took place, one at Palo Alto, 
the other at Resaca de la Palma {ray-sah^kah day 
lah par mail), in both of which Taylor was vic- 
torious. These were followed by the battles of 
Monterey (mon-teb-ray^) in September, 1846, and 
of Buena Vista {bwaynab 
vees^tah) in February, 
1847, two desperate fights 
in which Taylor again 
won the victory. 

12. Scott, commaiider-iii" 
chief. — In the meantime 
General Winfield Scott, 
who had been appointed 
comjnander-in-chief, land- 
ed with an army of twelve 
thousand men near Vera 
Cruz {va'rah krooth), and after a furious bom- 

10. What war broke out during Polk's term? What did 
Mexico claim was the boundary between Mexico and Texas? 
What did the United States claim? What was the result? 
11. Wha,t battles took place in Mexico? 




General, Winfield Scott. 



HARRISON, TYLER, AND POLK. 



125 



bardment captured that city. He then pressed 
forward in his march to the city of Mexico. 

13. New Mexico and California captured. — In the 
meanwhile other expeditions sent against Mexico 
were successful. An army under General Kear- 



^A 




Scott Entering Mexico. 



ney {kar^nee) captured NeT\r 

Mexico without a battle, 

and California surrendered 

to Colonel Fremont and 

an American fleet under Commodore Stockton. 

14. At Cerro Gordo Scott was met by Santa 

Anna, but that general was soon put to flight 

with a loss of about a thousand men and all his 

artillery. 

12. What did General Scott do? 13. What other expedk 
tions were sent against Mexico? 14. What took place at 
Cerro Gordo? 



126 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

15. The city of Mexico taken. — Scott again de- 
feated the Mexicans at San Antonio and at 
Churubusco {choo-roo-boos^ko); he then pushed 
forward and attacked Chapultepec [chah-pool- 
te-pek^), the strongest defence of the city of 
Mexico, and carried it by assault. 

16. Seeing that all hope of saving the city was 
gone, Santa Anna fled with what remained of 
his army, and on September 14th, 1847, General 
Scott entered the city of Mexico with his army, 
and raised the Stars and Stripes. 

17. A treaty of peace. — A treaty was signed the 
following year by which Mexico gave Texas, 
New Mexico, and Upper California to the United 
States, and in return received fifteen million 
dollars. 

18. Both New Mexico and California were first 
settled by the Spaniards, and Catholic mission- 
aries labored in all the Indian towns, converting 
the natives and bringing them to the Faith. 

19. In New Mexico the Franciscan Fathers 
attended to both whites and Indians. In Cali- 
fornia the Jesuits were the first missionaries, 
but when their Order was suppressed the Fran- 
ciscans took up the good work. 

20. Father Junipero Serra established missions 

15 What other victories were gained by Scott? 16. On 
what day did Scott enter the city of Mexico? 17. Wliat ar- 
rangement was made by the treaty of 1848 ? How much 
lid wepa^ for Texas, New Mexico, and California? 



HARRISON, TYLER, AND POLK. 



127 



which spread over a great part of Upper Call 

fornia. These missions eontiniited until Mexico 

became free from Spain ; then 

the missionaries were driven 

away, and their buildings, 

lands, and other property were 

seized by the government. 

21. Gold discovered in 
California. — Soon after 
the Mexican War some 
men who were digging a 
mill-race for a saw- __ 
mill in the Sacra- 
mento Valley, Cali 
fornia, found 
some gold in the 
ground. A fur- 
ther search 
showed more, 
and the news 
spread like 
wild-fire. 

22. Great numbers 
of people, young and 
old, rich and poor, 
hurried to the place 
from all parts of the United States and from 
foreign countries. Farmers left their fields and 

18-20. Tell what you know about New Mexico and Cali- 
iornia. 21. How was gold discovered in California? 




Washing Gold in California. 



128 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

workmen their shops, anxious to get to CaUfor- 
nia and there gain fortunes. 

23. At first the gold in the streams was looked 
for, and when that was used up rocks were 
blasted in the search for the precious metal, and 
regular mining began. 

CHAPTER XXYIII. 

THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF TAYLOR, FILLMORE, 
AND PIERCE. 

1. Taylor, twelfth President. — General Zacharj 
Taylor, or ^' Rough and Ready," as he was 
called, whose victories in Mexico had made him 
popular, was elected the twelfth President, in 
1848, with Millard Fillmore, of New York, as 
Vice-President. 

2. Fillmore, thirteenth President. — After serving 
sixteen months as President, Taylor died, July 
9th, 1850, and Fillmore became President. 

3. The "Compromise Bill." — The most important 
event during Fillmore's term of office was the 
passage of what is known as the "Compromise 
Bill." By this bill California was admitted as a 
fi*ee State into which slavery was never to be 
introduced. Utah and New Mexico were made 

22, 23. What followed the discovery? 
1. Who was the twehth President? 2. How long was 
Taylor President? Who was the thirteenth President? 



TAYLOK, FILLMORE, AND PIERCE. 12!| 

rerritories, without anything being said about 
slavery ; the buying and selling of slaves in the 
District of Columbia was forbidden, but slavery 
was allowed ; and slaves escaping into a free 
State were to be given up to their masters. 

4. This bill was the work ot Henry Clay, and 
it was hoped it would settle ti:e slavery question. 
Both Clay and Daniel Webster, the greatest 
statesmen of their time in this country, died in 
1852. 

5. Pierce, fourteenth. President. — Franklin Pierce, 
of New Hampshire, was chosen as the fourteenth 
President. While he was in office our govern- 
ment bought of Mexico some lands which were 
afterward formed into the Territory of Arizona, 

6. Kansas and Nebraska now wanted to come 
into the Union, and the question w^as whether 
they should be admitted as free States or as 
slave States. 

7. Trouble in Kansas.— It was decided that the 
people in each State at the time of admission 
should settle that. Then bands of armed men 
from the North and the South hurried to Kansas, 
and in the struggle for possession lives and prop- 
erty w^ere destroyed. This civil war continued 

3. What was the ** Compromise Bill"? 4. Whose work 
was it? What two statesmen died in 1852? 5. Who was 
the fourteenth President? What lands did our government 
buy of Mexico ? 6. What was the question about admitting 
Kansas and Nebraska as States? 



130 PRIMAEY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

during the greater part of five years, till the 
United States government interfered and restored 
peace. In the end, Kansas was admitted as a 
free State. 

8. The "Know-Nothing" riots. — The enemies of 
the Church never sleep, it is said, and in 1852 a 
new political party, called the " Know-Nothing,' 
or American party, was formed. Its object was 
to exclude Catholics from office, business, and, 
as far as possible, from all rights as citizens. 
During the short time this party lasted it did 
much harm. 

9. Street preachers tried to stir up the people 
against their Catholic fellow-citizens ; riots took 
place, and many persons were killed. 

10. Father Bapst, a Jesuit, who lived at Ells- 
worth, Maine, was tarred and feathered, and 
Catholic churches were destroyed in New Hamp- 
shire, Maine, and New Jersey. A church at 
Williamsburgh, New York, was attacked by a 
mob and set on fire, and in Louisville, Kentucky, 
a number of houses occupied by Catholics were 
burned, and more than twenty persons living in 
them perished in the flames or were shot by the 
rioters. 

7. How was it decided? What was the result? 8, 9. Tell 
about the "Know-Nothing" trouble. 10. What was da^e 
during the riots ? 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF BUCHANAN. 131 



CHAPTEK XXIX. 

THE ADMINISTRATION OF BUCHANAN AND THE 
ELECTION OF LINCOLN. 

1. Buchanan, fifteenth President. — In xhe election 
of 1856 James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, was 
chosen President. Two years later Minnesota 
was admitted into the Union, and in 1859 
Oregon, both as free States. 

2. The "Dred Scott decision."— Two days after 
Buchanan came into office the Supreme Court of 
the United States decided that a slave-owner 
might take his slaves into any State of the 
Union. This is known as the "Dred Scott de- 
cision," and increased the bitter feeling between 
the North and the South. 

3. John Brown in Virginia. — This feeling was 
still more increased when John Brovni attempted 
in October, 1859, to free the slaves in Virginia. 
With a party of about twenty men, whites and 
negroes. Brown seized the United States arsenal 
at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and proclaimed 
freedom to all the slaves in the neighborhood. 
He was soon overpowered, however, by govern- 
ment troops, several of his band were killed, and 

1. Who was the fifteenth President? What new States 
were admitted? 2. What is the "Dred Scott decision"? 



132 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Brown and six of his men were tried, convicted, 
and hanged. 

4. The number of our citizens who were op- 
posed to the extension of slavery had gradually 
increased, and they formed a new political body 
which they called the Republican party. When 
the time came for the election in 1860, this party 
chose Abraham Lincoln as its candidate, and he 
was elected. 

Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President. — The 
newly-elected President 
was born in Kentucky, 
February 12th, 1809. 
His family were poor, 
hard-working people. 
In 1816 they moved to 
Indiana, and some years 
after to Illinois. There 
the future President 
helped his father to 
build the cabin which was to be their home, and 
afterward split the rails to fence in their farm. 
It was from this last fact that he was sometimes 
spoken of as the "Railsplitter." He went to 
school only one year, but he studied when his 
day's work was done, and would often sit up half 
the night reading by the light of the fire. When 

3. Tell about John Brown's attempt to free the slaves. 
4. What new party was formed ? Who was elected Prest 
dent by the Republican party ? 




Abraham Lincoln. 



REVIEW IV. 133 

he was twenty-five years old he began to study 
law, and a few years later opened a law office 
in Springfield, Illinois. Then by his courage, 
industry, and honesty he reached the highest 
office in Illinois, his adopted State, and, finally, 
the first office in the United States. 



Review IV.— The Close or the Revolution to 
THE Election of Lincoln. 

What followed the close of the Revolution ? 

At the close of the Revolution a Constitution, or set of 
faws for the government of the country, was adopted. 

Who was the first President ? 

George "Washington was elected first President. 

W^hat was the most important event of W^ashington's 
Presidency 7 

The most important event of Washington's Presidency 
was the payment, in great part, of the debt of the country. 

In what case did W^ashington show his wisdom ? 

Washington showed his wisdom by preventing another 
war with England. 

What important events happened under Jefferson? 

Under Jefferson (1) the United States in 1803 bought 
Louisiana from France. This new territory was larger 
than all the United States at that time. (2) The pirates of 
the Barbary States were conquered; and (3) the first suc- 
cessful steamboat was built. 

5. Tell what you know about Abraham Lincoln, 



134: PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

What happened in i8i2 ? 

In 1812 another war broke out with England. This was 
caused by her stopping our vessels at sea, and carrying off 
such men as she claimed were British subjects. The war 
put a stop to this, and resulted in favor of the United 
States. 

What were the important events under Monroe ? 

Under Monroe (1) the "Missouri Compromise" and (2) 
the "Monroe Doctrine" were agreed upon. 

What were the principal events of John Quincy Adams' 
Presidency ? 

The principal events of John Quincy Adams' Presidency 
were (1) the opening of the Erie Canal, and (2) the building 
of the first passenger railroad in the United States. 

What were the principal events under Jackson and 
Van Buren.' 

The principal events under Jackson and Van Buren were 

(1) the settling, for a time, of the tariff trouble in South 
Carolina ; (2) the bad condition of business, or the " Panic " 
of 1837; and (3) the separation of Texas from Mexico. 

What happened under Tyler ? 

Under Tyler (1) Texas was admitted to the Union, and 

(2) bloody riots were caused by the "Native American" 
party. ~ 

What war occurred while Polk was President ? 

While Polk was President a war broke out with Mexico, 
in which the United States was victorious. It resulted in 
our gaining California and New Mexico. Gold was dis- 
covered in California soon after, and crowds of people 
hurried there. 



THE CIVIL WAR. 135 

What other matters of importance happened up to the 
close of Buchanan's Presidency ? 

From the close of the Mexican War to the end of Bu- 
chanan's Presidency there was more or less trouble about 
the question of slavery. Finally, the party opposed to the 
increase of slavery gained strength, and elected Abraham 
Lincoln President. 

CHAPTER XXX. 

THE CIVIL WAR. 

1. State-rights. — The South claimed that the 
United States was only a partnership of States 
from which any State might withdraw if it saw 
fit. This is what is known as the " State-rights 
Doctrine." 

2. When Lincoln was elected, many of the 
people of the South believed that slavery would 
be done away with. As their slaves formed a 
great part of their wealth, they decided to leave 
the United States, or secede, as it is called, and 
form an independent government. 

3. Secession. — South Carolina took the first 
step toward this, and on December 20th, 1860, 
at a State meeting, declared that the Stat<j 
seceded from the Union. 

1. What do you understand by the "State-rights Doc- 
trine"? 2. What did the people of the South fear v^hen 
Lincoln vras elected ? What did they decide to do? 3. What 
did South Carolina do in December, 1860? 



136 PRIMAHY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. Her lead was followed by Georgia, Missis- 
sippi, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas, 
and by February 1st, 1861, the seven "Cotton 
States," as they are called, had declared them- 
selves independent and out of the Union. 

5. The State government of South Carolina 
seized the custom-house and other United States 
property in the neighborhood, except Fort Sum- 
ter in Charleston harbor. Major Eobert Ander- 
son with a force of eighty men had suddenly 
and quietly taken possession of that for the na- 
tional government. 

6. President Buchanan did not believe that 
the seceding States had a right to leave the 
Union, but at the same time he did not believe 
he had the right to make them stay in. Besides, 
he feared to do anything that might begin a 
war, so he merely sent the "Star of the West," 
an unarmed steamer, with men and provisions 
to Fort Sumter. The steamer was fired on by 
batteries from the Charleston shore, and forced 
to turn back. 

7. The Confederate States.— In February, 1861, 

representatives of the seceding States met at 

Montgomery, Alabama, and formed a union 

which they called the Confederate States. Laws 

similar to ours were adopted, and Jefferson Davis, 

4.- IThbh States followed her lead? By what name are 
these States known? 5. What property did South Carolina 
seize? 6. What did President Buchanan doS 



THE CIVIL WAJS. 



137 



who had been United States senator from Mis- 
sissippi, was chosen President. 

8. So matters stood when on March 4thj 
1861, Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office 
as President of the United States. 

9. Firing on Fort Sumter. — Like Buchanan, 
Lincohi believed that no State had the rig-ht to 




FiBINa ON FOKT StJMTER. 

secede, but, besides, he believed it was his duty 
to see that thej did not withdraw from the 
Union, and to recover the forts, arsenals, and 

7. What was done at Montgomery in February, 1861? 
Who was chosen President of the Confederate States? 8- 
When did Lincohi take the oath of office? 



ItIO PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

other property of the United States that the 
seceding States had unlawfully taken. 

10. He, therefore, sent men and arms to Majoi 
Anderson, but before they reached him the Con- 
federate troops around Charleston began to fire 
on Fort Sumter. Anderson held out bravely 
for thirty-four hours, but as no help reached him 
then, he surrendered, April 14th, 1861. 

11. When the gallant major marched out, he 
took with him the flag that had waved over 
the fort, and four years afterward he had the 
happiness of hoisting the same flag over the 
ruins of Sumter. 

12. The news of the firing on Fort Sumter 
caused great excitement at the North, and the 
people of both political parties wanted the insult 
to our government avenged. 

13. The call for volunteers. — It was now certain 
there would be war, and President Lincoln called 
for volunteers to do the fighting. Thousands in 
the Northern States at once offered their services. 
What are called the "Border States," that is, 
Yirginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Missouri, 
and Arkansas, refused to furnish troops, and 
Maryland and Delaware hesitated. 

9. What did Lincoln believe? 10. What did he do? When 
did Fort Sumter surrender? 11. Wha+ did Major Anderson 
take with him on leaving the fort? 12. What did the firing 
on Fort Sumter cause at the North? 13. Vfhat did Presi= 
dent Lincoln call for? With what result? Which are the 
« Border States"? 



THE CIVIL. WAR. 138 

14. Davis, as President of the Coniederate 
?>tates, also called for volunteers, and he, too, got 
them by the thousands. 

15. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and 
Arkansas declared themselves in favor of the 
Confederacy, and though Maryland did not leave 
the Union, it was not friendly to the government. 
The State government of Missouri was in favor of 
secession, but the camp of the militia which the 
go vernor called out was captured by United States 
troops and the State was saved to the Union. 

16. Eichmond, Virginia, was made the capita! 
of the Confederate States, and around there the 
Southern army assembled. The Northern troops 
gathered about Washington. 

17. "On to Richmond." — Genoral Scott was 
commander-in-chief of the United States forces j 
but was too old to lead in person. When the 
people of the North set up the cry of "On to 
Richmond," meaning that that city should be 
captured, Scott ordered the Union army, under 
command of General McDowell, to move toward 
Manassas Junction, Virginia. There General 
Beauregard {bo^ re-gar d) was stationed with 
about thirty thousand Confederates. 

14. What did Davis do? 15. What States declared them 
selves in favor of the Confederacy ? What did Maryland do V 
What happened to Missouri ? 16. What city was made the 
capital of the Confederate States? 17. To what place «3i«J 
General McDowell move? 



140 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

18. The battle of Bull Run.— The two armies 
met at Bull Eun on Sunday, July 21st, 1861. At 
first the Union army was successful, but just 
when it seemed that it must be victorious a fresh 
body of Confederates arrived, the Union men 
were defeated, and fled, frightened and in dis- 
order, toward Washington. 

19. McClellan in command.— This was the first 
important battle of the war. The people of the 
North w^ere not discouraged by their defeat. 
They understood that a great w^ar was before 
them, and to carry it on half a million more 
volunteers were called for and ^ve hundred 
million dollars were raised. General Scott re- 
tired from command of the army, and General 
George B. McClellan was appointed in his 
place. 

20. The war in Missouri. — The friends of the 
South in Missouri still hoped to force that State 
into the Confederacy, and many battles were 
fought on its soil. The Union forces were defeated 
at Carthage, and again at Wilson's Creek. Colonel 
James A. Mulligan with two thousand of the 
Chicago Irish Brigade was compelled to surrender 
after a gallant fight, and General Ulysses S. 
Grant was attacked a,nd beaten at Belmont. It 

18. Where and when did the two armies meet? What was 
the result of the battle of Bull Run? 19. How many more 
volunteers were called for, and how much money was 
raised ? Who was appointed in place of Scott? 



THE dVIIi WAR. 



1^ 



was this battle that first brought General Grant 
to notice. 

21. A blockade declared. 
—Just "ifter the war be- 
gan, President Lincoln 
declared a blockade of 
all the Southern ports, 
that isjhe stationed war- 
vessels near every port 
to prevent any other 
vessels going in or out. 
Thus the South was 
anable to receive arms, 
clothing, or food from foreign countries. 

22. It was feared that England and France 
might recognize the South, that is, admit it to 
be a separate and independent nation. To 
prevent this our government selected Thurlow 
Weed, a statesman of experience, and Arch- 
bishop Hughes of New York, and sent them to 
Europe. Their errand proved successful. 




Olysses S. Grant. 



20. Tell what happened in Missouri. 21, What did Lin- 
eoln declare? 22. What was done to prevent England and 
France froia recognizing the South? 



142 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

CHAPTER XXXL 

THE BATTLES OF 1862. 

1. The Confederate lines in the West reached 
from Behnont, Missouri, to Cumberland Gap, 
Kentucky. The Mississippi Eiver, also, for 
almost its entire length was in possession of 
the South, and its banks were lined with strong 
batteries. 

2. This gave the Confederates a double advan- 
tage, for it prevented United States boats from 
passing up and down the river, and it made it 
easy for the Southern States to procure a plen- 
tiful supply of beef from Texas. 

3. Capture of Fort Henry. — Part of the plan of 
the war laid out by the Union generals was to 
drive the Confederates from the Mississippi. 
One step toward this was the capture of Fort 
Henry, on the Tennessee Eiver, by a fleet of gun- 
boats under command of Commodore Foote. 

4. The capture of Fort Doneison. — Then General 
Grant, with the help of Foote's fleet, attacked 
Fort Doneison, a strong spot on the Cumberland 
River, Tennessee, and after three days' hard 

1. Where did the Confederate lines reach in the West? 
2. What advantage did the possession of the Mississippi give 
the South? 3. What was the plan of the Union generals? 
Who captured Fort Henry ? 



THE BATTLES OF 1862. 



143 



fighting captured it with about fifteen thousand 
men. When General Buckner, who was in com- 
mand of the fort, asked what terms would be 




Map op the Seat op War in the West and South. 

granted him if he surrendered, Grant replied : 
"No terms except an unconditional and im- 
mediate surrender can be accepted." On this 
account he is often called ''Unconditional Sur- 
render Grant." 

5. The Confederates now withdrew from Ken- 
tucky and a large part of Tennessee. 

6. The battle of Pittsburg Landing. — On Sunday, 

4. Tell what you can of the attack on Fort Donelson. 
5. What did the Confederates do ? 



144 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

April 6th, the opposing armies met at Shiloh, 
or Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee. The Union 
troops were driven back, and it seemed as if 
the Confederates must be successful. But Gen- 
eral Albert Sidney Johnston, the Southern com- 
mander, was killed, and General Buell arrived 
with fresh troops to help Grant. The following 
day, after more brisk fighting, the Confederates 
retreated to Corinth, Mississippi. 

7. Island Number Ten surrenders. — On the same 
day Island Number Ten, a Southern stronghold 
on the Mississippi Kiver, surrendered after a 
bombardment of three weeks. Then Fort Pil- 
low was taken in June, and the city of Memphis 
was captured by the Union troops. Thus the 
Mississippi River was open to the United States 
boats as far south as Vicksburg. 

8. Kentucky invaded. — The Confederates were 
driven from Corinth, Mississippi, in May, and 
one of their generals, Braxton Bragg, with an 
army of thirty-five thousand men, seized Chatta- 
nooga, in Tennessee. Buell was sent after him, 
and Bragg started for Louisville, Kentucky; 
but Buell learned this, and reached there first. 
Then Bragg, with General Kirby Smith and 
another Confederate army, having secured a large 
quantity of supplies, retreated to Chattanooga. 

6. What was the result of the battle at Shiloh ? 7. What 
other battles occurred? What was the result? 8. Tell 
what happened at Chattanooga. 



THE BATTLES OF 1862. 



145 



9. The battle of Miirfreesl)oro. — General William 
S. Rosecrans was now given command of the 
Army of the Cumberland, in place of Buell. On 
the last day of the year Eosecrans met Bragg's 

' army at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, or Stone 
River, as it is sometimes called. 

10. A desperate battle followed; it lasted 
i three days, and the loss on both sides was very 
' great. But as the Union army held the field at 

the end, it had a sort of victory. 

11. Farragut captnres New Orleans. — New Or- 
i leans, the richest and 
I most important city of 
f the South, was very 
I strongly defended. There 
• were two forts below the 

city, a heavy chain was 

stretched from bank to 
' bank of the Mississippi, 

and there were numerous 
I iron-clad rams, fire-rafts,* 
i and gunboats, so that it 

seemed impossible for an enemy's fleet to reach 

the city. But Captain David G. Farragut, who 

9, 10. Who was given command of the Army of tlie Cum- 
berland? Describe the battle at Murfreesboro. 




Admiral Fahragut. 



* A tire-raft consists of a number of boards, planks, or 
pieces of timber fastened together and covered with burning 
'material. It is allowed to drift down the stream so as to 
Bet fire to the enemy's vessels. 



I 



146 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

afterward became Admiral, deterrained to cap- 
ture the place, and sailed with a strong fleet 
and an army commanded by General. Benjamin 
F. Butler. 

12. For several days Farragut bombarded the 
forts, but finding this of no use, he boldly sailed 
past them, in spite of their heavy firing, cut 
through the chain, outfought the Confederate! 
boats, and steamed up to the city. Then Gen^ 
eral Butler took possession, and another and 
important step was made toward opening the | 
Mississippi Kiver. 

13. The Merrimac. — The Confederates at Nor 
folk, Virginia, had been at work on a novel and i 
dangerous war-vessel. They covered a common 
steam-frigate Tvith heavy railroad iron and 
fixed to her bow an iron extension shaped like 
a plough. 

14. On March 4th this monster, which was 
called the "Merrimac," steamed out from Nor- 
folk and attacked the United States sloop-of- 
war " Cumberland "and the frigate " Congress," 
which were lying off Fortress Monroe. 

15. They at once opened fire, but were help- 
less to defend themselves, for their shot fell 
harmless on the iron-clad. Then with a blow 
from her iron prow the "Merrimac" sunk the 
"Cumberland" and all on board. The"Con- 

11. How was New Orleans defended? 12. HowdidFarrar 
gnt take it? 13. Describe the " Merrimac." 



THE BATTLES OF 



147 



gress • was run ashore, but was soon forced to 
surrender. 

16. Then the "Merrimac," unharmed, sailed 
back to Norfolk. The following day was Sun- 
day, and again the "Merrimac" came out; this 
time to destroy the rest of the Union fleet. Had 




The "Monitob" and the "Mereimac. 



she been successful, she might have sailed to 
Philadelphia and New York and destroyed those 
cities. 

17. The Monitor and the Merrimac. — She was met, 
however, by a craft even stranger-looking than 
she was. This was the ''Monitor," a flat iron 
\^essel whose deck was almost even with the 
surface of the water, and with a revolving iron 
tower in which were two powerful cannon. 

18. She at once attacked the ''Merrimac," 

14, 15. What was done by the "Merrimac "on March 4th? 
16. What did she intend to do the following day? 17. By 
\¥hat was she met ? Describe the ''Monitor." 



148 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and after a fierce battle forced the Confederate 
boat to Ts^ithdraw to Norfolk. The " Merrimac " 
was never used again; the Confederates de- 
stroyed her shortly after, for fear she might 
come into possession of the North. 

19. This fight excited great interest all over 
the woild, and made a great change in the 
methods of naval warfare. 

20. The "Monitor" was the invention of 
Captain John Ericsson, a native of Sweden. 
He was born in 1803 and came to this country 
in 1839. He built some war-vessels for our 
government, and was the inventor of a caloric, 
or hot-air, engine. 



CHAPTER XXXn. 

THE BATTLES OF 1862, CONTINUED.— M^CLELLAN's 
CAMPAIGN. 

1. McClellan's campaign. — In March General 
McClellan, with the Army of the Potomac, 
marched toward Pdchraond,Jbut the Confeder- 
ates opposed him at every step. A month was 
spent besieging Yorktown, and battles occurred 
at Williamsburg, and at Fair Oaks, Virginia, 
but with no decided advantage for either side. 

18. What did the "Monitor" do? 20. Whatdoyouknow 
of Captain John Ericsson ? 
1. What did McClellan do in 1862 ? 



THE BATTLES OF 1862. 149 

2. The Seven Days' Battles.— After this General 
Robert E. Lee took command of the Southern 
army in Virginia. Toward the latter part of 
June Lee attacked McCIellan, and the battle of 
Gaines's Mill followed. The Union loss was 
heavy, and McCIellan moved toward the James 
River. While retreating other battles occurred, 
of which the most notable was that of Malvern 
Hill. The loss on both sides w^as heavy in these 
fights, which are known as "The Seven Days' 
Battles." 

3. The second battle of Bull Run. — McCIellan 
now withdrew to Harrison's Landing on the 
James River. From there the Northern army 
was sent back by water to Washington. 

4. Lee then determined to invade the North, 
and early in August began to move toward 
Washington. At Cedar Mountain he met and 
defeated General Pope, and later in the month 
the two armies again came together, this time at 
Manassas, near the old Bull Run battle-ground. 
Pope was badly beaten and retreated in all 
haste to Washington, while Lee pushed on into 
Maryland. 

5. Pope's army was afterward united to the 
Army of the Potomac, and the whole placed 
under McClellan's command. As soon as the 

2. "Who took command of the Southern army in Virginia? 
Describe the "Seven Days' Battles," 3. What was done with 
fche Northern armv? 4. Describe Lee's next move. 



150 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

men could be got into proper order, McClellan 
started after Lee. A fight took place at South 
Mountain, and the Confederates were driven back. 

6. In the meantime Lee had sent General 
"Stonewall" Jackson to Harper's Ferry, where 
he made twelve thousand prisoners and captured 
a quantity of arms. 

7. The battle of Antietam. — On September 17th 
McClellan and Lee again met in battle at Antie- 
tam {an-tee^tam). This proved to be a terrible 
fight. It lasted all day, and both armies lost 
heavily. The Union army held its ground, how- 
ever, and at night Lee retreated to Virginia. 

8. The battle of Fredericksburg. — McClellan was 
removed from command of the army, and Gen- 
eral Ambrose E. Burnside took his place. Burn- 
side at once set out for Kichmond, hoping to 
capture that city, but was stopped at Freder- 
icksburg, Virginia, by Lee. In the battle which 
followed the Union army was severely defeated. 
Burnside lost about eleven thousand men, and 
was forced to retreat toward Washington. 

9. In this fight the Irish Brigade under General 
Thomas Francis Meagher showed great bravery, 
and out of twelve hundred men only three hun- 
dred were left. 

5. What took place at South Mountain? 6. What place 
did StonewallJackson capture? 7. How did the battle of 
Antietam result? 8. What general took McClellan's place? 
Tell what you know about the battle of Fredericksburg. 



THE EVENTS OF 1863. 151 

CHAPTER XXXIII. 

THE EVENTS OF 1863. 

1. The Emancipation Proclamation. — As an act of 
"justice and a military necessity President Lincoln 
decided to free all the slaves in the South. This 
he did on January 1st by sending out what is 
known as the Emancipation Proclamation. 

2. After Burnside's defeat at Fredericksburg 
General Joseph Hooker was given command of 
the Arm}^ of the Potomac. 

3. The battle of Chancellorsville. — Hooker crossed 
the Rappahannock, intending to march to Rich- 
mond, but was met at Chancellorsville, about ten 
miles from Fredericksburg, by Lee. There a 
battle took place which lasted tw^o days. Hook- 
er's army was about twice the size of the Con- 
federates', but he was defeated with a loss of 
about seventeen thousand men killed and 
wounded, and forced to retreat across the Rap- 
])ahannock. 

4. In this battle "Stonewall" Jackson was 
accidentally shot by his own men and died 
about a Vv^eek after. 

5. Gettysburg. — Lee now determined to move 

1. Why and when did Lhicohi decide to free the slaves? 
2, Who was given command of the Army of the Potomac? 
•3. Describe thebattle of Chancellorgville. 4. What Southern 
general was killed in this battle? 



152 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

north again. He marched into Pennsjlvaniaj 
intending to attack Harrisburg, the capital of 
that State. If successful, he would push on to 
Philadelphia. 

6. But he did not get so far. General George 
C. Meade, who had succeeded Hooker, hurried 
forward, and came up with Lee at Gettysburg, 
Pennsylvania. This was on July 1st, and then 
began a battle which lasted three days. It was 
the greatest of the Tv^ar and one of the most ter- 
rific of modern times. 

7 . The first two d ays the struggle was fierce on 
both sides. On the third day there were nine 
hours of savage fighting ; in the afternoon about 
fifteen thousand Confederates, the pick of the 
Southern army, made a desperate charge on the 
Union line. But it was like a charge against a 
rock: Meade did not give way, the Southern 
army was driven from the field, and night found 
the Union troops victorious. 

8. Lee retreated into Virginia, and the North 
had no further fear of invasion. The Confederate 
loss in killed, wounded, and missing was about 
twenty-five thousand, and the Union loss about 
two thousand less. The field of Gettysburg was 
afterward consecrated as a national cemetery. 

5. What did Le6 determine to do ? 6. Who had succeeded 
Hooker? 7. Describe the battle of Gettysburg. 8. Where 
did Lee retreat? What was the loss on both sides? What 
WR,s afterward done at Gettysburg-^ 



THE EVENTS OF 1863. 153 

9. Vicksburg. — The Confederates still held 
Vieksburg and Port Hudson on the Mississippi 
River. Grant, however, succeeded in crossing 
the river by means of gunboats, and got his 
army in the rear of Vieksburg. 

10. Then began a siege which lasted seven 
weeks. The shelling of the city was kept up 
without interruption. At last, when the food 
was so far gone that there was only one cracker 
and a small piece of pork a day for each man in 
his army. General Pemberton, the Confederate 
commander, surrendered with thirty-two thou- 
sand men on July 4th, the day after the battle of 
Gettysburg. 

11. Five days later Port Hudson also surren- 
dered, and the whole length of the Mississippi 
River was open to Union gunboats. 

12. The battle of CMckamauga. — Rosecrans had 
succeeded in driving Bragg out of Chattanooga, 
but with the help of fresh troops Bragg attacked 
the Union army at Chickamauga, in Georgia, and 
drove it back with heavy loss to Chattanooga. 
But General George H. Thomas, who com- 
manded the left wing, bravely held his ground 
and saved the army from complete defeat. 

13. For two months Bragg kept Rosecrans 

9. What places on the Mississippi did the Confederates stili 
hold? 10. How did Grant capture Vieksburg? 11. When 
did Port Hudson surrender? What was the result? 12. 
What happened at Chattanooga and at Chickamauga? 



154 PKIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

shut up in Chattanooga. Then Grant, who was 
.given command of all the armies in the West, 
went to Chattanooga with Thomas, who had 
been appointed in Eoseerans' place. Sherman 
also reached there with some troops from Yicks- 
burg, and Hooker brought tv/enty-three thou- 
.sand men from Virginia. 

14. Lookout Mountain. — In a battle which lasted 
three days Lookout Mountain and Missionary 
Ridge, which overlooks Chattanooga, were 
attacked and taken, and Bragg was forced to 
retreat to Georgia. 

15. During the fight at Lookout Mountain 
the armies were sometimes hidden by the mist, 
and from this fact it is often spoken of as ''the 
battle above the clouds." 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 

THE BATTLES OF 1864. 

1. Grant, commander-in-cliief. — Up to this time 
each army was independent, but in March, 1864, 
Grant was made Lieutenant-General and com- 
mander-in-chief of all the armies. He at once 
went to Virginia to take charge in person of the 

3, 14. Who was given command of all the armies of 
the West ? Describe the battles of Lookout Mountain and 
Missionary Ridge. 15. Why is the former sometimes called 
"the battle above the clouds" ? 



THE BATTLES OF 1864. 



155 




Army of the Potomac and to meet Lee. General 
Sherman was left in command in the Southwest. 

2. Grant's cam- 
paign. — On May 
4th Grant crossed 
the Rapidan River 
in Virginia, and 
began to march 
on Richmond. 
He had to fight 
his way step by 
step. On May 
5th he was sud- 
denly attacked by 
the Confederates, 
and the battle of 
the Wilderness took place. It lasted three days, 
Thenf olio wed a ten days' battle at Spottsylvania 
Court-House, and another at Cold Harbor. Lee 
was finally driven back to within a few miles of 
Richmond. 

3. In these battles there was terrible slaughter 
on both sides. The Union loss in killed and 
wounded was over sixty thousand men, and 
the Confederates probably lost about half that 
number. 

1. What was Grant made in March, 1864 ? Of what army- 
did he take charge ? Of what army was Sherman left in 
command? 2. What battles took place early in May? 3. 
What was the loss ? 



Genehal W. T. Sherman. 



156 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



4. Grant, however, would not turn back ; he 
felt sure of success, and declared he would "fight 
it out on that line if it took all summer." 

5. He next moved across the James Kiver. 



ChanibeisbuVgoi ..Gettysburg \ 

P E N N S Y L( V J A N \I A 




Map of the War in Virginia. 

and began the siege of Petersburg and Kich- 
mond. This lasted until the spring of 1865. 

6. In July, 1864, General Jubal A. Early, a 
Confederate officer of great experience and 
daring, advanced to attack Washington, but was 

4. What did Grant declare? 5. What was his next move? 



THE BATTLES OF 1864. 



157 



driven back. Then General Philip H. Sheridan 
was sent after him. 

7. Sheridan's ride. — The two armies met in 
September a t 
Winchester, Vir- 
ginia, and the 
Confederates 
were defeated. 




A month later they again 
met at Cedar Creek. Sher- 
idan was twelve miles 
away at the time ; his army was taken by sur* 
prise and forced back in confusion. When 
Sheridan heard the booming of the cannon he 

6. What did Early do? Who was sent after him? 7, 
Describe the battle at Winchester. At Cedar Creek. 



158 PRIMARV HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

knew that a battle was going on. He sprung 
into his saddle and, spurring on his horse, reached 
the scene of the fight just in time. His men were 
fleeing. "Turn, boys, turn!*' he cried, "we're 
going back ! " and back they went. Encouraged 
by his words and preseiice, the Union men drove 
the Confederates from the field, captured a num- 
ber of guns, and took many prisoners. 

8. Sherman captures Atlanta. — To carry out the 
plan agreed on with Grant, Sherman began to 
march against Atlanta, Georgia. Hood, who 
was in command of the city, tried to stop the 
Union army, but after a number of battles he 
was forced to give up Atlanta and Sherman 
took possession of it. 

9. Hood moved into Tennessee, intending to 
lay siege to Nashville. But he was attacked by 
General Thomas, who commanded there, and 
after a two days' battle was so badly beaten that 
his army was completely broken up, and this 
ended the fighting in Tennessee. 

10. The blockade of the Southern ports pre- 
vented the Confederates from getting iron and 
other materials with which to build war- vessels. 
But England fitted out for them many privateers, 
and much damage was done to United States 
vessels. 

8. What did Sherman do? 9. How was the fighting 
ended in Tennessee? 10. What did the blockade prevent? 
What did England do? 



THE BATTLES OF 1S04. 159* 

11. The Alabama and the Kearsarge. — The "Ala- 
bama," a Confederate war-ship built and fitted 
out in England; captured and burned a number 
of United States ships. She was attacked and 
sunk, however, off the coast of France, in June, 
by the United States man-of-war " Kearsa>rge " 
(keei^ sahrj) . 

12. Seven years after the war, the English 
government paid the United States fifteen and a 
half milHon dollars for damage done to her 
ships and business by the "Alabama " and other 
privateers fitted out in England. 

13. Farragut enters Mobile Bay. — In August, 
Farragut, who was now an Admiral, the high- 
est rank in the United States navy, attacked 
Mobile. He forced his way past the forts which 
defended the city, outfought and destroyed thr 
Confederate fleet, including the ram " Tennessee," 
and closed the port. The city did not surrender 
until the spring of 1865. 

14. During the hottest of the fight, the brave 
admiral stood in the rigging of his ship, so that 
he could watch the battle. 

15. In the fall of 1864 President Lincoln was 
re-elected, and Nevada came into the Union. 

11. What damage did the ''Alabama "do? Whatwasher- 
fate? 12. What sum was paid the United States for damage 
done by the "Alabama" and other privateers? 13. How did 
Farragut succeed at Mobile ? 14. Where did he stand during: 
the fight? 15. Who was re-elected President in the fall of 
1864? 



i60 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



16. Sherman's March to the Sea. — When Sherman 
took possession of Atlanta, he burned the ma- 
chine-shops, foundries, factories, and mills of the 
city. As the South procured most of her war 




Sherman's March to the Sea. 

supplies there, she was now completely shut off. 
Sherman then destroyed telegraph and railroad 
communication with the North, and began hig 
"March to the Sea." 
17. With his army of sixty thousand trained 

16. What did Sherman do when he took possession c^ 
A-tlanta? 



THE EVENTS OF 1865.— PEACE. 161 

and experienced men, he moved steadily on, 
burning and destroying everything, seizmg the 
cotton, tearing up the railroads, and devouring 
every kind of food on his way. Thousands ol 
fugitive slaves followed him. 

18. Sherman captures Savannah. — There was no 
army to oppose him, and in less than a month 
Sherman reached Fort McAllister, near Savan- 
nah, and on December 13th captured that city. 

19. His plans were kept so quiet that no one 
knew what had become of him, and the people 
of the North began to fear that he and his army 
had been taken prisoners or destroyed. But on 
December 22d he sent a message to President 
Lincoln, offering him as a Christmas gift the city 
of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty heavy 
guns, plenty of ammunition, and about twenty- 
five hundred bales of cotton. 

CHAPTER XXXV. 

THE EVENTS OF 1865. — PEACE. 

1. Sherman enters Charleston.— From Savannah 
Sherman began to move northward. Columbia, 
South Carolina, was taken and burned, and in 
February the Union army entered Charleston 

17, 18. Describe Sherman's march to the sea. 19. What 
did the people at the North begin to fear? What message 
did Sherman send President Lincoln on December 22d, 1864? 



162 PRlidARY HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and lioisted the old flag once more over Fort 
Sumter. 

2. General Joseph E. Johnston with a Con- 
federate force tried to check Sherman's march. 
Two battles were fought, in both of which the 
Confederates were defeated. Johnston then re- 
treated to Raleigh, while Sherman kept on, and 
entered Goldsboro, North Carolina. 

3. Lee now began to look about for some way 
to retreat. He could get neither arms nor food, 
and his men were half-starved. But there was 
no means of escape, for the railroads on which 
he depended had been destroyed. 

4. The Union army enters Eichmond. — On April 
2d Sheridan and Warren defeated Lee at Five 
Forks, Virginia, and the next day the Confederate 
works in front of Petersburg were attacked. Lee 
could not resist ; he abandoned Petersburg and 
Richmond, and began to retreat westward. On 
April 3d, 1865, the Union army entered Richmond. 

5. The surrender of Lee. — Lee tried to reach 
Lynchburg, but his worn-out men came face to 
face with a United States force under Sheridan, 
and resistance was of no use. Seeing this, Lee 
with his whole army surrendered to Grant on 

1. What places in South Carohna did Sherman capture? 
2. Who tried to stop him? With what result? 3. What 
did Lee now do ? 4. What was the result of the attack on 
the Confederate works at Petersburg ? When did the Union 
army enter Richmond? 



THE EVENTS OF 1865.— PEACE. 



163 



April 9, 1865, at Appomatox {ap^po-maftoks) 
Court-House, Virginia. 

6. Grant treated the Confederates in the most 
generous manner, asking only that they should 
lay down their arms and return bo their homes. 




Grant and Lee Signing the Conditions of Surrender. 

As they were nearly starved , he ordered twenty- 
five thousand rations of food to be given to 
them, which showed him to be a humane man 
as well as a great general. 
7. Johnston surrenders.— The only Confederate 

5. When did Lee surrender? 6. How did Grant treat the 
Confederates? What did he order to b*^ g-iven to them? 



164 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

army of any size that now remained was John- 
ston's, at Kaleigh. But as he could do nothing 
alone, and as there was no one to help him, he, 
too, surrendered, and his men laid down their 
arms. 

8. In a short time all the smaller bodies of 
Confederates surrendered, and the great Civil 
War, which had lasted four years, was ended. 

9. The assassination of Lincoln. — While the 
country was rejoicing that the war was over, 
its joy was suddenly changed to sorrow. Presi- 
dent Lincoln was shot on the night of April 14th, 
1865, by John Wilkes Booth, who was probably 
half-crazy and imagined he was doing the South a 
service. The President died the following morn- 
ing. Booth fled, but was followed and killed. 

10. When Abraham Lincoln was first elected, 
there was much opposition to him even in the 
North. But he showed himself so just and 
honest that this feeling died out. When the war 
was over he acted most generously toward the 
South, and tried to prove himself her friend. 
Indeed, in his own words, his heart was filled 
''with charity for all, with malice towards none." 
His memory is now respected not only by his 
countrymen, but by the whole world, who re- 
gard him as a pure-minded patriot. 

7. What did Johnston do? 8. What did the smaller bodies 
of the Confederates do? 9. What sad event happened April 
14th, 1865 ? 10. What can you say of Abraham Lincoln? 



REVIEW f. 16& 

11. Many people imagined that the close of 
the war would be followed by trouble. It wag 
thought that the men who had been so long en- 
gaged fighting could not lay down their arms, 
and return peaceably to their homes. But this 
was a mistake. The soldiers went to their work, 
as before the war, and peace settled on the 
country. 



Review V.— The Civil War. 

What followed the election of Lincoln ? 

When it was known that Lincoln was elected, the South- 
ern States decided to secede. South Carolina was the first 
to declare itself out of the Union. Then, on April 12th, 
1861, Foi't Sumter, in Charleston harbor, was fired on and 
war was begun. 

What was the first great battle of the war ? 

The first great battle of the war was that of Bull Run ; it 
resulted in the defeat of the Union army. 

How did the Union army succeed in the West during 
1862 ? 

During 1862 the Union army in the West had great 
success, capturing Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and 
Island Number Ten. 

What were the greatest naval successes of 1862 ? 

The greatest naval successes of 1862 were (1) the bom« 
bardment and capture of New Orleans by Farragut; (2) 

11. What did some people think would follow the close oft 
the war ? What did the soldiers do ? 



166 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

fche defeat of the Confederate iron ram "Merrimac" by the 
Onion "Monitor." 

What was the result of the war in the East in 1862 ? 

The armies in the East under McClellan and his successors 
made several attempts to march to Richmond, but did nol 
reach there. Many battles were fought, first one side, then 
the other, being victorious. At one time Lee tried to 
invade the North, but he was checked in the battle of An- 
tietam, and forced to retreat to Virginia. The last battle 
of the year was at Fredericksburg, and the Union army, 
jinder General Burnside, was severely defeated. 

What important event happened at the beginning of 
1863? 

At the beginning of 1863 President Lincoln sent out his 
Emancipation Proclamation, by which all the slaves in the 
South were declarea free. 

What great battles took place in the East in 1863 ? 

The great battles in the East in 1863 were (1) at Chan- 
eellorsville, in which the Union forces commanded by 
General Hooker met with a terrible defeat and great loss 
of life; (2) at Gettysburg, the greatest battle of the war, 
in which the Union troops, under General Meade, were 
victorious. 

What effect did the battle of Gettysburg have ? 

The battle of Gettysburg did away with all danger of 
iBvasion of the North by the Southern army. Lee had 
entered Pennsylvania, and, no doubt, wanted to reach 
Philadelphia and Washington, and, perhaps, push on to 
New York. His defeat at Gettysburg weakened him, how- 
ever, and he again retreated into Virginia. 



REVIEW V. 167 

Whit great Union triumph happened in the West in 
1863 ? 

The great Union triumph in the "West during 1863 wae 
the capture of Yicksburg by General Grant and the sur- 
render, a few days later, of Port Hudson. These victories 
opened the entire length of the Mississippi River to the 
CTnion boats. 

What other battles did the Union troops gain } 

The Union troops also gained the battles of Lookout 
Mountain and Missionary Ridge. 

How did the Union army succeed in Virginia in 1864 ? 

In May, 1864, Grant, who had been made eommander-in- 
chief of all the armies, crossed the Rapidan River, and began 
his march to Richmond. The battle of the Wilderness, 
which lasted three days, was fought, but neither side was 
successful. Then followed a ten days' battle at Spottsyl- 
vania Court-House and at Cold Harbor, and Lee was driven 
back near to Richmond. After this Grant crossed the Jamee 
River, and began the siege of Richmond. 

How did Sheridan succeed in his battles with General 
Early 7 

Early attempted an attack on Washington, but Sheridan 
was sent to stop him. The armies met at Winchester and 
the Confederates were defeated. A month later they met 
again; this time the Confederates were driven from the 
field, many of their cannon were captured, and a number of 
prisoners was taken. 

What can you say of Sherman's movements ? 

Following out a plan agreed on with Grant, Sherman 
marched on Atlanta, and, finallv, took it. Then Thomas 



168 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

attacked Hood's Confederate army at Nashville, and com. 
pletely broke it up. In the meantime Sherman pushed on 
to Savannah. 

What were the concluding events of the war ? 

Sherman moved from Savannah, captured Charleston, 
advanced through South Carolina and North Carolina, and 
.■cached Ealeigh. 

How did Grant succeed in his siege of Richmond ? 

Grant closed in around Richmond and shut off every 
means of escape, until, at last, Lee's army was almosi 
starved. Then Lee surrendered. When the only othet 
Confederate army of any size, thatof Johnston's, at Raleigh, 
heard of Lee's surrender, it, too, laid down its arms, and 
the war was ended. 



CHAPTER XXXYI. 

EVENTS SINCE THE CIVIL WAR. 

1. Andrew Johnson, seventeenth. President. — On 
April 15th, 1865, a few hours after the death of 
President Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, of Tennes- 
see, the Vice-President, toot^the oath of office 
as President. 

2. The first act of the new President was to 
pardon most of the Confederates on condition 
that they would (1) swear to obey the Constitu- 
tion and be true to the Union ; (2) agree not to 

1. Who became President on the death of Lincoln ? 



EVENTS SINCE THE CIVIL WAR. 1^9 

pay the Confederate debt; and (3) do away for- 
ever with slavery. 

3. A disagreement arose between the President 
and Congress about these terms ; the President 
was voted down, and miHtary governors were 
appointed in the South. Negroes were allowed 
to vote, but not those white men who had taken 
a leading part in the war. 

4. The President is impeached. — The bad feel- 
ing between the President and Congress con- 
tinued. A law was passed by which no civil 
officer could be removed without the consent of 
the Senate. Johnson disregarded this and dis- 
missed the Secretary of War. Then Congress 
impeached the President, that is, brought him 
to trial for breaking the law. He was acquitted, 
but came within one vote of being found guilty. 

5. In the year 186 6 the Atlantic cable was suc- 
cessfully laid between Heart's Content, in New- 
foundland, and Valencia Bay, in Ireland. This 
enables the Old and the New World to communi- 
cate with each other almost instantly. 

6. The purchase of Alaska. — During the year 
1867 Nebraska became a State. In the same 
year the United States bought from Russia a 

2. What was the first act of Johnson? 3. What arose 
between Johnson and Congress? What did Congress do? 
4. What law was passed? What did Johnson do? What 
Congress? 5. When and between what places was the 
Atlantic cable laid ? 



170 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

large tract of land in the northwestern part of 
America, called Alaska. For this over seven 
million dollars were paid. 

7. Grant, eighteenth President. — In the fall of 
1868 General Grant was elected President, and 
served two terms. An important event of his 
first term was the opening of the Pacific Kail- 
road. By this road San Francisco was brought 
within a week's ride of New York, a journey that 
formerly took months. 

8. Another important event of Grant's term 
was the adoption, March 30th, 1870, of the Fif- 
teenth Amendment to the Constitution of the 
United States. By this amendment the negroes 
of the country became citizens and voters. 

9. The first American Cardinal. — On March 15th, 
1875, Archbishop McCloskey, of New York, was 
made first American Cardinal, an occurrence 
that brought joy to every American Catholic 
heart. The Cardinal was born in Brooklyn, New 
York, March 10th, 1810. 

10. The year 1876, being the hundredth anni- 
versary of our country's independence, was cele- 
brated by a " World's Fair,"^r great exhibition, 
held in Philadelphia. Nearly all the countries 
of the world sent specimens of their manufac- 

6. What large tract of land did the United States buy? 7o 
Who was the eighteenth President ? What important event 
happened under Grant? 8. AVhat other? What was the 
result of the Fifteenth Amendment? 9. What occurred 
March 15th, 1875. 



EVENTS SINCE THE CIVIL, WAR. 171 

tures and works of art, and thousands of people 
visited the Fair. In this same year Colorado 
was admitted as a State. 

11. Hayes, nineteentli President. — Kutherford 
B. Hayes, of Ohio, succeeded Grant as Presi- 
dent. The vote for the candidates was very 
close, but Hayes was declared elected by a com- 
mittee, or number of persons, appointed by 
Congress to decide the election. 

12. President Hayes acted in a friendly way 
toward the South, and did much to restore good 
feeling between that part of the country and the 
North. 

13. Specie payment resumed. — The paper money 
of the United States at one time was not 
worth anything like its face value, but during 
Hayes's term the government passed a law, and 
made it equal, dollar for dollar, to gold. This 
act is known as "resuming specie payment." 

14. Garfield, twentieth President.— His assassina- 
tion. — The twentieth President of the United 
States was James A. Garfield, of Ohio. Four 
months after coming into office he was shot by 
a bad man, and, after more than two months of 
suffering, died September 19th, 1881. 

15. Arthur, twenty-first President — Vice-Presi- 

10. How was the anniversary of our country's independ- 
ence celebrated ? 11. In what way was the choice of the 
nineteenth President made? 12. How did Hayes act toward 
the South? 13. What is meant by "resuming specie pay- 
ment"? 14. What happened four months after Garfield 
became President? 



172 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

dent Arthur now became President. The most 
important occurrence during his term was the 
lowering of the postage on letters from three 
cents to two cents. Another event worth men- 
tioning was the opening of the great bridge 
which joins Brooklyn to New York. 

16. Cleveland, twenty-second President. — By the 
election of 1884 Grover 
Cleveland, of New York, 
was made President. 
While he held the office, 
the Vice-President, 
Thomas A. Hendricks, 
died. Then a change 
was made in the laws, so 
that, in case of the death 

Grover Cleveland. of both President and 

Vice-President, the office of President passes in 
succession to the Secretary of State, the Secre- 
tary of War, the Attorney-General, and so on to 
the other members of the Cabinet. 

17. Besides Vice-President Hendricks, the 
country lost other distinguished men by death 
during the years 1885 to 1888, namel}^. General 
Grant, CardinaLMcCloskey, and Generals McClel- 
lan, Hancock, and Sheridan. 

15. Name the principal events of Arthur's term. 16. Who 
became President in 1884? What change was made in the 
laws while Cleveland was President? 17. Name some distin" 
■flushed men who died during Cleveland's term. 




EVENTS SINCE THE HIVIL WAR. 



173 




Benjamin Harrison. 



18. After the death of Cardinal McCloskey, 
A.rchbishop Gibbons, of Baltimore, was raised 
to the dignity of Cardinal, in the spring of 1886. 

19. Benjamin Harrison, twenty-third President.— 
Benjamin Harrison, of 
Indiana, was elected the 
twenty-third President 
of the United States, and 
took his office in 1889. 
In the early part of liis 
term our government 
bought from the Indians 
that part of the Indian 
Territory known as 
Oklahoma {o-klah-ho'mah), and opened it to 
settlers. In the same year North Dakota, 
South Dakota, Montana, and Washington were 
admitted as new States, and in 1890 Idaho and 
Wyoming also came into the Union. 

20. In the year 1889 New York City celebrated 
the hundredth anniversary of the taking of the 
oath of office as first President by Washington. 
Archbishop Corrigan, of New York, took a prom- 
inent part in the celebration exercises, which 
lasted three days. 

21. At the beginning of the year 1891 the 

18. Who is the second American Cardinal? 19. Whatnew 
Territory did our government buy in the early part of Harri- 
son's term? What new States came into the Union? 20 
What anniversary did New York celebrate in 1889? 



174 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATESo 

country was called to lament the death of Gen< 
eral Sherman. 

22. The Columbian celebration. — In October^ 
1892, the people of the United States joined in a 
grand Columbian celebration. In this we Catho- 
lics took a prominent part, as was proper, since 
it was men of our faith who first settled this 
countr}^ One part of the celebration which 
called forth great praise was the parade of the 
children of our parochial schools, who made an 
excellent impression by their appearance and 
their numbers. 

23. Other processions took place, meetings 
were held, addresses were made, and the whole 
country united in honoring the memory of the 
great discoverer who four hundred years before 
first set foot on our shores. 

24. To still further celebrate this event our 
government issued a souvenir coin and a set of 
Columbian postage stamps, and it was deter- 
mined to hold a great fair in Chicago, beginning 
in May, 1893, to which the whole world was to 
contribute. — 

25. Cleveland, twenty-fourth President. — When 
the time came around for the election of 1892, 
Grover Cleveland, the Democratic candidate, 

21. What great general died at the beginning of 1891? 
22. What took place in October, 1892? What part of the 
celebration called forth great praise? 24. In what other way 
was it determined to celebrate thediscovery of thiscountrr'- 



EVENTS SINCE THE CIVIL WAR. 17t 

was again chosen President. His election was 
Jooked upon as an approval by the people of his 
opposition to the existing high tariff. 

26. An extra session of Congress. — Business of 
all kinds was so very dull in the summer of 
1893 that the President called an extra session 
of Congress^ hoping that something might be 
done to impi'ove matters. That part of the law 
passed in 1890 which authorized the making in 
great quantities of silver money was repealed, 
but this did not greatly change the unsettled 
condition of business, and labor strikes of differ- 
ent kinds added to the distress. 

27. The Behring Sea dispute. — As owners of 
•Alaska, we claimed that foreign nations had no 
right to hunt seals in Behring Sea, and when 
some attempted it, and we seized the vessels, a 
very serious dispute followed. Finally the ques- 
tion was referred to a commission, which de- 
cided that the Behring Sea must be free to 
every one, but that the seals could be killed at 
certain times only. 

28. Utah admitted.— In January, 1896, the Ter- 
ritory of Utah was admitted to the Union, mak- 
ing the forty-fifth State. 

25. Who was chosen President in 1892 ? How was his elec- 
tion looked upon? 26. Why was an extra session of Congress 
called? What did Congress do? What was the result? 27, 
About what was the Behring Sea dispute? How was it 
settled? 28. What new State came in to the Union in 1896? 




176 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

29. McKinley, twenty-fifth President. — At the 
elections in the fall of 1896, William McKinley, 

of Ohio, the candidate 
of the Republicans, was 
elected President, and 
Garret A. Hobart, of 
New Jersey, Vice-Presi- 
dent . They received the 
votes of a great many 
Democrats who were op- 
posed to the free coinage 

William McKinley. of silver at a ratio of 

sixteen ounces of silver to one of gold. 

30. A new tariff. — The first public act of Presi- 
dent McKinley was to call an extra session of 
Congress. At this session the Dingiey Tariff 
Bill was passed, in order, it was claimed, to 
provide revenue for the government and to 
protect the products and manufactures of the 
United States. 

31. Greater New York.— On January 1st, 1898> 
the cities of New York and Brooklyn and a 
number of neighboring places formed them- 
selves into one city under the name of Greater 
New York. It is divided into what are called 
boroughs, known as Manhattan, Bronx, Brook- 
lyn, Queens, and Kichmond boroughs. Greater 

29. "Why did many Democrats vote for McKinley? 30. 
What was the first public act of President McKinley? 



THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 177 

New York is next to tlie largest city in the 
world, London being the largest. 

32. The growth of our country may be seen 
by the fact that our population, which in 1790 
was less than four millions, was shown by the 
census of 1890 to be now nearly sixty-three 
millions, while the original thirteen States have 
increased to forty-five. 

33. How the Church has grown can be best 
shown by considering the difference between the 
attendance at the First Plenary Council in 1829, 
mentioned on page 119, and that at the Third 
Plenary Council held in Baltimore, November 
9th, 1884. At the one, as we have learned, there 
were present one archbishop and half a dozen 
bishops; at the other there attended fourteen 
archbishops, sixty bishops, and numerous abbots, 
superiors of religious Orders, and others of rank 
In the Church. Our Catholic population is esti- 
mated to have reached o\ ^r ten millions. 

CHAPTER XXXVH. 

THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 

1. itevolution in Cuba. — In the attempt to free 
their native land from Spanish rule, the people 

31. When was Greater New York formed? How is it 
divided? Whatarethenames ofits boroughs? 32. How may 
ihe growth of the country be seen? 33. How has the 
€hurck grown ? 



178 PRIXtlAEY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of Cuba often broke into rebellion. The last ol 
these rebellions, which began in 1895, continued 
for three years. During this time the Spanish 
authorities drove many of the country people 
from their little farms and homes into the cities. 
There thousands died of starvation, having no 
means of support. To relieve this suffering the 
United States sent shiploads of food, and this 
was displeasing to Spain. 

2. Destruction of the Maine.— The United States 
battle-ship "Maine," which had been ordered to 
Havana, was lying peacefully in that port when, 
on the night of February 15th, 1898, the noble 
vessel, by accident or design, was suddenly blown 
into the air, and more than two hundred and 
sixty of her officers and men perished. Captain 
Sigsbee, her commander, remained gallantly at 
his post till the last, and with him stayed 
Father John P. Chidwick, her chaplain, who 
did all in his power, by word and deed, to help 
and comfort the wounded an^ dying. 

3. The action of Congress. — The excitement in 
the United States was intense, and the inquiry 

1. Why did the people of Cuba rebel? What was the 
result of driving the country people into the city? What 
did the United States do to relieve the suffering? 2. What 
happened to the ''Maine" ? 



THE WAU WITH SPAIN. 



17» 



into the cause of the disaster did little to quiet iu 
On April 19th; 1898, both houses of Congress re- 
solved that Cuba ought to be free, and demanded 
that Spain give up all claims to the island. In 
ease of a refusal to this demand the President 
was authorized to use the army and nav/ to drive 
her from Cuba. 

4. War begins. — Spain refused to yield to this 
demand, and on April 
25th, 1898, war was 
declared. Commodore 
George Dewey, who was 
in command of our Asi- 
atic squadron, was or- 
dered to proceed to 
Manila Bay and strike a 
blow at Spain's colony 
there. He set sail at 
once, and succeeded in destroying the entire 
Spanish squadron there without losing one of 
his men. 

5. Fall of Manila.— About four months later, on 
August 13th, the city of Manila surrendered to 
the American forces after a bombardment by 
Dewey's fleet and a land attack by General 

3. What did Congress resolve? 4. When was war d<^ 
dared? What did Commodore Dewey do ? 




Admiral Geobge Dewey. 



180 PKIMARY HISTOHY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Wesley Merritt, who had brought an arm v from 
San Francisco. This fight actually took place a 
day after hostilities ceased, but the news of it 
had not reached the Philippines. 

6. Fighting at Santiago.— The harbor of Sant- 
iago is on the southeast coast of Cuba, and there 
it was that Cervera, the Spanish admiral, entered 
on May 19th with his squadron, consisting of four 
armored cruisers and two torpedo-boats. The 
channel leading up to the harbor was long and 
narrow, and besides was so protected by land 
batteries and mines that it was not thought wise 
for our fleet to attempt to enter. 

7. Sinking the Merrimac. — Admirals Sampson 
and Schley determined 
that Cervera should not 
get out of Santiago as 
easily as he got in. To 
make this certain Lieu- 
tenant Kichmond P. 
Hobson with seven men 
ran the collier "Merri- 
mac" into the channel 

A-DMiRAL William T. Sampson. . . .-, tt i 

and sunk it there. Hob- 
son and his companions succeeded in getting off 

5. To whom did Manila surrender? 6. Who entered 
lihe harbor of Santiago? 




THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 181 

the vessel, but were taken prisoners by the 
Spaniards. 

8, The army at Santiago.— Toward the last of 
June General Shafter landed an army of about 
17,000 men near Santiago, to assist the navy in 
the capture of that place. The army was pushed 
forward rapidly, and there were constant skir- 
mishes. On July 1st, 2d, and 3d, the Spanish 
earth-works at El Caney and San Juan were 
carried by assault, and finally the Spaniards were 
driven from the field. It was in these battles 
that the first Volunteer Cavalry, known as the 
*'Eough Eiders," and the Seventy-first New 
York Volunteers distinguished themselves. 

9. Destruction of Car- 
eer a' s fleet. — Knowing 
that the city must soon 
surrender. Admiral Cer- 
vera attempted to sail 
out of the harbor on the 
morning of Sunday, July 
3d. Admiral Sampson 
had gone to consult with 

eii p, 1 . A 1 • 1 Admiral W. S. Schley. 

fenaiter, leavmg Admiral 

Schley in command. He was on the watch for 

7. What bold feat did Lieutenant Hobson carry out? 8, 
What happened when Shatter's army reached Santiago ? 




18"2 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Cervera, opened fire on him, and within twa 
hours after the sound of the first gun the four 
Spanish armed cruisers and the two torpedo* ' 
boats were destroyed, over 600 of the Spaniards 
were killed or drowned, and 2000 were prison- 
ers, including Cervera himself. 

10. Surrender of Santiago. — The same day Gen- 
eral Sh after demanded the surrender of the city. 
The demand was not accepted at first, but as 
there seemed to be a willingness to negotiate, 
Shafter waited, and on July 17th the Spaniards 
surrendered the city and province of Santiago 
de Cuba, with over 22,000 troops. 

11. General Miles at Porto Rico. — On July 21st 
General Nelson A. Miles with an army left Cuba 
for Porto Eico. He reached there on the 25th 
of the month, and three days later, after several 
engagements, all of which he won, the town of 
Ponce surrendered. He was about to prepare 
for a decisive battle when word reached him 
that peace was to be declared. 

12. Peace.— On Augustl2th,1898,thefirstdraft 
of an agreement by which peace was assured was 
signed at Washington, and its terms were after- 

9. What happened when Cervera tried to leave Santiago? 
10. What was the result of Shafter's demand for the sur- 
render of Santiago? 11. How did General Miles succeed at 
Pcpto Rico? 



EVENTS SINCE THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 183 

ward agreed upon in Paris on December 10th, 
1898. By the treaty it was settled that Spain 
was to give up all claim to Cuba ; that Porto 
Rico and other Spanish islands in the West 
Indies were to be ceded to the United States ; 
and that the Philippine Islands, in return for 
the sum of $20,000,000 to be paid by the 
United States to Spain, should also be ours. 
13. Annexation of Hawaii. — The friendship 
shown to us by Hawaii, and the facilities af- 
forded to our army and navy transports to take 
on supplies, greatly influenced Congress in 
favor of that country, and when on June 15 th, 
1898, the question of annexing it came up the 
bill was passed by a majority of 209 to 91. 
Later it received a majority in the Senate and 
the signature of the President, and our flag 
now flies over the Hawaiian islands. 



CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

EVENTS FROM THE WAR WITH SPAIN TILL 1913. 

1. Re-election of McKinley — His Assassination. — 
William McKinley was again chosen President 
in 1900. Six months after coming into ofiice he 

12. What terms were agreed on in the treaty of peace 
between Spain and the United States? 13. What new ter- 
ritory has been added to the United States ? 



184 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



was shot down at Buffalo, New York, and died 
eight days afterward, September 14th, 1901. 

2. Theodore Roosevelt, Twenty-sixth President 
•^The day President McKinley died. Vice- 

President Theodore 

Roosevelt took the 
oath of office, and 
became President, be- 
cause under the law, 
in case the President 
dies the Vice-President 
takes his place for the 
rest of the term. 

3. The Panama 
Canal. — A plan was 
laid before Congress 
by the Isthmian Canal Commission in 1902, 
providing that the United States buy the 
rights of the New Panama Canal Company 
of France, which was formed to build a canal 
across the Isthmus of Panama from the At- 
lantic to the Pacific Ocean. Congress passed 
the Isthmian Canal Act, in which it was agreed 
to pay the French compan3r-$40,000,000. A 
strip of land ten miles wide clear across the 
Isthmus was secured from the new Republic of 
Panama, and the United States began to build 




Theodore Roosevelt 



1. What terrible event took place September 6th, 19011 
2. Who was McKinley's successor? 



EVENTS SINCE THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 185 

the canal, which it expects to jBinish by 1915. 
Through this canal vessels may go back and 
forth from one ocean to the other without sail- 
ing around Cape Horn. 

4. Roosevelt Elected. — Theodore Roosevelt 
was elected President, and Charles W. Fair- 
banks, of Indiana, Vice-President, in the fall 
of 1904. The country had been almost four 
years without an elected Vice-President. 

6. The Peace of Portsmouth. — War between 
Russia and Japan had been going on for some 
time when, in June, 1905, President Roosevelt 
tried to make peace. This was brought about 
by a meeting of the men chosen by the two 
nations to discuss the question of peace, at 
the Portsmouth, N. H., Navy Yard, where a 
treaty of peace was signed September 5th, 
1905. 

6. San Francisco Earthquake. — On the morn- 
ing of April 18th, 1906, San Francisco, Cali- 
fornia, was shaken by an earthquake. Other 
shocks and a fire followed, and by the night 
of April 19th, property valued at $400,000,000 
had been damaged and many persons killed. 
Thousands of people were forced to sleep out of 
doors because their homes had been wrecked. 



3. What is the object of the Panama Canal? 4. Who 
was the twenty-sixth President? 5. What happened at 
Portsmouth, N. H., Navy Yard, in 1905? 6 Tell about the 
San Francisco earthquake. 



186 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

7. On November 16th, 1907, the Territory 
of Oklahoma and the Indian Territory were ad- 
mitted into the Union under the name of the 
State of Oklahoma, making the forty-sixth State. 

8. United States Soldiers in Cuba. — After the 
war with Spain, the United States helped 
Cuba until it seemed there was no more need. 
Then all the American soldiers and officials 
were called away. Afterward, the Cubans 
quarrelled so among themselves that in 1906 
the United States again tried to help them 
govern their country. Two years afterward 
the Americans went away once more, and 
Cuba was left to herself. 

9. William H. Taft, Twenty-seventh President. 

^^^^ —In 1908, William H. 

^^■HH^^^ Taft; of OhiO; was elected 

^^^^^^^^^^^ President in place of 

^^Ht . .-^^^^ Theodore Roosevelt. 

fl^HT '^^IH *^^^^^ ^' Sherman, of 

^^^^K ^^H^H New York, was chosen 

^HB^^^^I^^f 10. A New Tariif.— 

^^^■■^ J^^r During the administra- 

^^™^^^ tion of President Taft, 

William H. Taft. r^ • a . 

Congress, m August, 
1909, passed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill. By 

7. What territories were admitted into the Union in 1907? 
By what name are they now known? How many States 
are now in the United States? 8. Why did United States 
soldiers go back to Cuba in 1906? 9. Who was chosen Presi- 
dent in 1908? 10. What Bill was passed in August, 1909? 



EVENTS SINCE THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 187 

this Bill the duties were lowered on some goods 
coming here from other countries, while on other 
goods they were raised. 

11. The North Pole is Reached. — In September, 

1909, the whole civilized world was delighted 
at the news that Commander Robert E. Peary, 
an American naval officer, had reached the North 
Pole on April 6 of that year. The search for 
the Pole had been carried on many years by 
European and American explorers. As a slight 
reward for his discovery, Peary was made a rear- 
admiral in the United States navy. 

12. Postal Banks. — ^In the hope of encouraging 
our people to put their savings into some safe 
place, Postal Banks, in charge of the Government, 
were opened by an Act of Congress in June, 

1910. In these banks any person ten years of 
age and over can place his spare money in the 
sum of one dollar or more and each year will 
receive two per cent interest on the amount so 
placed. 

13. Revolution in Mexico. — ^During the winter 
of 1910 and 1911 a revolution broke out in Mexico, 
which ended for a time when President Porfirio 
Diaz resigned his office and quit the country. 
Peace did not last long; one revolution was 
followed by another until in 1913 quiet followed, 
for a time at least, on the election of General 
Huerta as President. 

11. Who reached the North Pole in 1909? 12. For what 
purpose were the Postal Banks established? 



188 PRIMAHY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

14. Treaties. — For many years the question as 
to the rights of Americans to fish off the shores 
of Newfoundland had been in dispute. Finally 
it was agreed to refer the matter to the Hague 
Tribunal and that body after careful considera- 
tion settled it in September 1910, to the entire 
satisfaction of Great Britain and the United 
States. In August of the following year it was 
agreed that all disputes arising among Great 
Britain, France, and the United States should 
be settled by the Hague Tribunal. 

15. Treaty with Japan. — The United States and 
Japan have been friends since 1854, when the 
latter nation first allowed foreigners to enter her 
country. A new treaty was made in 1911 be- 
tween Japan and the United States with the 
purpose of strengthening the friendship between 
those nations. 

16. New States.— On January 12, 1912, Presi- 
dent Taft issued a proclamation recognizing 
the admission of New Mexico as a State of the 
Union, and on February 14, a second proclama- 
tion by which Arizona was also recognized as a 
State. There are now forty^eight States in the 
Union. 

17. The Presidential Election of 1912. — In this 
election Woodrow Wilson, governor of New 

14, 15. What treaties were made during Taft's administra- 
tion? 16. What new States came into the Union? How 
many States are now in the Union? 17. Who was elected 
President in 1912? 



THE PROSPERITY OP OUR COUNTRY. 



189 




Jersey, the Democratic candidate, was elected 

President, and Thomas 
R. Marshall, governor of 
Indiana, Vice-President. 
18. An Extra Session 
of Congress. — The newly 
elected President was 
sworn in on March 4, 
1913, in front of the 
Capitol building, Wash- 
ington. As he stepped 
forward to take the oath 
of office he was received with cheers and long con- 
tinued applause. Contrary to the 'usual custom, 
later on, he went in person to the Houses of Congress 
and read his message himself. The whole ceremony 
of opening Congress and reading the message occu- 
pied about eight minutes only. Almost the first 
official act of President Wilson was to call an 
extra session of Congress. The principal matters 
to be considered at this session were a new revision 
of the tariff and the fixing of a tax on incomes. 



WooDROw Wilson. 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 



THE WORLD WAR. 

1. Mexican Troubles. — When President Wilson 
came into office he found trouble with Mexico 

18. What was almost the first official act of President 
Wilson? 



190 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ready made for him. Mexico had been 
having revolutions for years. There had been 
a long line of unworthy men trying to be 
at the head of affairs there. One of these 
leaders, Carranza, was recognized as Mexico's 
president by President Wilson. There was a 
bandit, called Villa, who refused to admit 
Carranza's authority; he began a course of 
crimes, robbing and murdering, even attacking 
churches and convents. He crossed into New 
Mexico and raided American settlements. 
President Wilson sent down a small army 
under General Pershing to protect our borders. 
We scattered 'Villa's robber bands, but did not 
capture Villa. i 

2. New Territory. — The small republics of | 
San Domingo and Haiti were, like Mexico, I 
often disturbed by revolutions. In 1916 affairs | 
in San Domingo were in such condition that I 
President Wilson sent down a naval officer to | 
act as governor, for the protection of our own 
and the island's interests. In the same year 
we interfered in the affairs of Haiti, for the same 
reason. A treaty was made which put both 
these island republics under our protection. 
In the beginning of 1917 we bought the Virgin 
Islands, off Porto Rico, from Denmark, for 
$25,000,000. We bought them to prevent 

1. What trouble did the United States have when President 
Wilson came into office? 



THE WORLD WAR. 191 

them from falling into hands which might one 
day use them against us, and also because 
they are so valuable for the protection of the 
Panama Canal. 

3. The World War.— The first week of 
August, 1914, saw Europe suddenly at war. It 
came so swiftly, so unexpectedly, that it did 
not seem to be possible. Nevertheless the 
Germans had marched into Belgium, to get to 
France. The destruction and devastation in 
the path of the Armies resulting from this un- 
expected invasion was very great because the 
Belgians fought valiantly and courageously, 
and would not let Germans pass over her soil 
to France without resistance. She was not 
strong enough to hold that great, disciplined 
army back long, but in keeping her pledge to 
France she checked the Germans and enabled 
France to assemble her army. But in a short 
time the Germans were fighting on French ter- 
ritory, wiping out French towns and farms, and 
England had gone to war to aid France, her 
ally. 

4. The United States Remains Neutral. — 
President Wilson at once proclaimed the 
United States neutral. It was hard to hold 
this country from expressions of sympathy 
with one or another of the peoples fighting 

2. What countries came under the protection of the 
United States? What new territory did the United States 
acquire? 3. When did the great World War begin? 



192 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

'^over there." Americans all are sprung from 
European lands ; they naturally turned toward 
that land from which they came. Besides 
this we were selling to the countries at war 
everything they needed for carrying war on. 
However, we did remain neutral. But we were 
blessed with the means to help. We fed Bel- 
gium, or she would have starved, and we gave 
money and strength and skill to heal the wounds 
inflicted on those frightful battle-fields. In 
this way we were blessedly in the war from the 
first, but not taking part in it. 

5. Germany's Submarine Warfare. — It is 
allowable in war to sink the enemy's merchant 
ships, but only when there is first given to 
their crews and passengers an opportunity to 
be saved. German submarines in 1915 sank 
British merchant ships without warning. On 
May 7, 1915, the great Atlantic liner, the 
Lusitania, was sunk without warning by a 
German submarine. With her went down to 
death women and children, men who had no 
part in war, who were too old to fight. There 
were Americans among them. President Wil- 
son sent to Germany, notes of protest against 
this action demanding reparation and a 
promise that such warfare should end. Ger- 
many avoided a straight reply and went on 
sinking ships without warning, some of them 

4. How long did the United States remain neutral? 



THE WORLD vVAR. 



193 



American. On September 1, 1915, she did 
give the required promise. 

6. The Presidential Election of 1916. — In the 
Presidential election of 1916 President Wilson 
and Vice-President Marshall were elected for 
another term of four years. 

7. Germany Forces the United States into 
the War. — On January 31, 1917, Germany 
sent us word, through von Bernstorff, the 
German ambassador to the United States, that 
she would resume her unrestricted submarine 
warfare. So President Wilson sent the Ger- 
man ambassador home, broke off all dealings 
with Germany, and waited. When Germany 
did resume her sinking of ships without warn- 
ing, thereby inflicting large losses of Life and 
Property, the Presi- 
dent asked Congress to 
declare war upon Ger- 
many. War was de- 
clared on Good Friday, 
April 6, 1917. 

8. War Preparations. 
— It was wonderful the 
speed with which the 
gigantic preparations for 
such a war were made 
by this country, wholly unprepared for war as we 

5. What strained the relations between the United States 
and Germany? 7. What forced the United States into the 
World War? 




General Pershing. 



194 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

were. With submarines lurking under the seas, 
everywhere watching to sink our transports, as 
Germany vowed to do, it looked impossible to get 
an army and all its tremendous supplies across. 
But the British had put the German navy out 
of use early in the war, and kept it corked up. 
American and British destroyers patrolled the 
ocean, and not a transport we sent was lost. 
We had an army of 100,000 men under General 
Pershing in France within a year, and this 
number was steadily increased, till we had 
2,000,000 men on the other side. The govern- 
ment took over all railroads. Food was under 
government control ; billions were voted by 
Congress to carry on the war, and Liberty 
Loans or bonds were issued by the government, 
which Americans rapidly bought up, eager to 
lend their savings to back up the sacrifice of 
life which our boys were gladly making. 

9. Chateau Thierry. — The first important 
task that fell to our share in France was to 
cover the road to Paris at Chateau Thierry. 
The Germans were only forty-two miles from 
the capital, • and the French troops were ex- 
hausted. They were sent back from the front 
at Chateau Thierry, which was in that famous 
region called the Chemin des Dames, or '^The 
Ladies' Road," a road running west of Rheims. 
The German troops charged on our marines 

8. What can you tell of our war preparations? 



THE WORLD WAR. 



195 



on the front at Chateau Thierry. They were 
met with such a deadly fire of unfaiUng aim 
that they afterward called our marines ^' Devil- 
dogs." The march to Paris was forever stayed ; 
the Germans had met their match. 

10. Belleau Wood: the Second Battle of the 
Mame. — The Americans quickly followed their 



I "^^-iV orth Sea 

~f Zecbnic:},' 

ENGLAND Osten ' 



,AntwerpS.^. 



J^rv^ 



English 
Channel 



Boulogne (f^riToS f o^c'T^ nf t' 



/Albert ^^^g ^ jh^.yjf ' \ 

\ .e J>aaF^^r^~' Sed]rS\X iBURG 



^ 



Amiens 

Cantigny 

Moptdid 



Paris 



,Coblcnz 



^^°: 



» BURG ATreves- 



Battle Line, July 15, 1918 , 




Map of the Western Front. 



splendid defense with an equally well-fought 
attack. For several days there was a battle 
in Belleau Wood, hard-won by the marines with 
their bayonets, but won. There was a furious 



9. What was the first important share that fell to the 
task of our soldiers in France? What success did they have? 



196 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

German drive for miles along the Allies' line 
in that July, 1918. The French and Americans 
held against it, and that drive, which had been 
so much dreaded, failed. It was here that 
the famous American Division called ^Hhe 
Rainbow Division" won its honors. Joyce 
Kilmer, the poet, was in this division, one of 
the One Hundredth and Sixty-fifth New York 
regiment, which used to be called ''the fighting 
Sixty-ninth," the Irish regiment. Joyce Kil- 
mer was a devout Catholic convert ; he was 
killed in the great German drive near the 
Ourcq. On July 18th General Foch attacked 
the Germans. He had with his own troops every 
American soldier that he could use. This was 
the second Battle of the Marne, and it was a 
great victory for the Allies and the Americans. 
11. Our Boys with the British. — General 
Haig, the British commander, in the north was 
winning with our troops and his own victories 
over Germany. General Haig had turned on 
the Germans after their alarming victories over 
the British, and had begun a series of triumphs. 
There was a great fight at St. Quentin, won by us 
and the British. Here our boys were the first 
to break through the German line under von 
Hindenburg, which the Germans thought could 
not be broken. Yet von Hindenburg was 

10. What was the next battle in which the Americans 
were engaged? 



THE WORLD WAR. 197 

defeated at St. Quentin. Then followed the 
American drive through the famous Argonne 
forest. It was a desperate fight ; the Germans 
fought hard and obstinately, knowing what 
defeat there would mean. But foot by foot our 
troops drove them back, till they had won 
every inch of that hard ground. They came 
out with 10,000 prisoners, and the end of the 
war in sight. Another stupendous victory 
was won by the British in the spring of 1918. 
They drove the Turks out of Palestine ; Jeru- 
salem, all the Holy Land, was taken from the 
Mohammedans, who had held it for twelve 
centuries. 

12. The End of the War. — Austria and the 
Turks were Germany's allies. The English 
had settled the Turks ; they were out of it. 
Now, in October, 1918, the Italians conquered 
the Austrians at the Piave River, winning 
such an overwhelming victory that it amounted 
to a rout. Austria had to accept whatever 
terms the Allies let her have, and Germany 
stood alone. The Allies and Americans drove 
German troops out of France, back from Bel- 
gium. Germany was beaten. Her representa- 
tives came to General Foch to learn what terms 
he would grant for an armistice. President 
Wilson had been asked to settle these terms, 

11. What battles were fought by the Americans and 
British against the Germans? What was the result of the 
War in the Holy Land? 



198 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



but he, properly, left it to General Foch and 
the other Allies, who had borne the four years' 
agony, whose countries had been ravaged. 
The terms General Foch offered were practically 
complete surrender. On November 10th the 
German emperor with his suite fled to Hol- 
land. On the next day, November 11, 1918, 




Homeward Bound 



the armistice was signed ; the greatest war 
the world has ever seen was ^nded. When the 
news came over on the Atlantic cable that the 
long agony was over, from one end to the other 
of the country bells rang, horns blared, people 
shouted, and strangers greeted one another like 
brothers in a frenzy of gratitude that ''the 
world was made safe for Democracy," and 
that our fresh troops, our brave lads, had 



THE WORLD WAR. 199 

come in time to save Europe when her strength 
wa^ well-nigh spent. 

13. The Peace Conference and Treaty. — 
President Wilson went to France to take part 
in the discussion of terms for a permanent 
peace. He went to England first, then to 
Italy. Everywhere he was greeted with the 
highest honors, as the leader of the nation 
which had come out of the West to end the 
t war. At Rome he was received by the Holy 
Father, Benedict XV, who had thrice vainly 
tried to bring about peace while the war still 
raged. The Peace Conference met at Paris. 
The French premier, Clemenceau, presided. 
President Wilson stood out for a League of 
Nations which should make impossible another 
such war as had been fought. The treaty as 
it was framed was accepted by the Allies and 
signed at the close of 1919, but there was opposi- 
tion to it at home when the President returned 
with it and this country has not yet accepted 
it. However, a peace resolution declaring at 
an end the war of the United States with Ger- 
many and Austria-Hungary was passed by 
Congress and signed by President Harding 
July 2, 1921. 

12. How did the end of the War come about? What terms 
did General Foch offer to the Germans? What was the 
result of the Americans entering the War against Germany? 
13. Where did the Peace Conference meet? What was the 
attitude of the U. S. on the Peace Treaty? 



200 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

14. The Catholics in the War. — As in every 
other war, the Catholic citizens of the United 
States proved their loyalty to their country in 
the World War. The Knights of Columbus did 
incalculable service ; they used their own funds 
to establish and carry on welfare work among 
the soldiers. The National Catholic War 
Council was organized to help in this and other 
war work. Over 1500 priests served as Army 
and Navy Chaplains under the Most Rev. 
Patrick J. Hayes, Archbishop of New York, 
of whom fifteen died in service. 

15. The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Amend- 
ments of the Constitution. — The former forbids 
the manufacture, importation and transporta- 
tion of intoxicating liquors in the United 
States ; and the latter gives also women the 
right to vote at any election. Congress passed 
these amendments in 1919. 

16. The Bishops' Program. — The popular 
name given to a document issued on Feb. 12, 
1919, by the National Catholic War Council 
(now the National Catholic Welfare Council). 
It was signed by Archbishop Hayes and Bish- 
ops Muldoon, Schrembs, and Russell, and ex- 
plained the Catholic truths of charity and 
justice for the guidance of Catholics in the 
serious period of social reconstruction after 
the war. 

14. How did Catholics show their loyalty during the War? 
15. What is the 18th Amendment? Can women vote? What 
is the Bishops' Program? 



THE PROSPERITY OF OUR COUNTRY. 201 

CHAPTER XL. 

THE PROSPERITY OF OUR COUNTRY. 

1. There is no secret connected with the 
growth and success of our country. When a 
number of brothers and sisters unite in work, 
the wealth of the family is sure to increase. 
So it is with our country. Our States form 
one great family, and it is their united work 
that has made us rich and prosperous. 

2. The New England States, which embrace 
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, 
Vermont, Maine, and Rhode Island, help largely 
by their manufactures. Massachusetts alone 
employs thousands of people in weaving cotton 
into calicoes, sheeting, shirting, and other 
muslin, and other thousands in making boots 
and shoes. Her fisheries, too, bring millions 
of dollars to the general treasury. The pine and 
hemlock forests of Maine make it one of the 
greatest lumber markets in the world ; while 
Connecticut turns out all sorts of '' Yankee 
notions," and machinery in endless variety. 

3. The Middle States, which are New York, 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and 
Maryland, swell our wealth by their manufac- 
ture and commerce, and also by their agricul- 

1. What has made our country rich? 2. How do the 
New England States help us? What makes Maine a great 
lumber market? What does Connecticut turn out? 



202 PRIMARY HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

ture, grazing, and mining. New York is fore- 
most in commerce, wealth, and population, 
it being estimated that it has one seventh of 
the wealth of the entire country. Pennsyl- 
vania is the greatest mining State in the Union, 
the yearly value of its coal and iron being about 
one half the value of all our mining products, 
including gold and silver. 

4. In the Southern States the principal prod- 
ucts are cotton, tobacco, sugar, corn, rice, and 
sweet potatoes. The pine forests of North 
Carolina yield pitch, tar, and turpentine; 
Louisiana gives nine tenths of the sugar we 
produce, as well as large crops of cotton and 
rice ; and Texas raises more beef -cattle than 
any other State, its prairies furnishing pasture 
for millions of cattle. 

5. Of the Western States Ohio, Indiana, Illi- 
nois, Wisconsin, and Michigan produce more 
wheat, corn, wool, and live-stock than any other 
part of the country of the same size. They are 
also largely engaged in manufactures. Chi- 
cago, the largest city of the West, is next in 
commercial importance to^ew York, and is 
the greatest grain market in the world. 

3. Which are the Middle States? How do they add to 
our wealth? Which State is the foremost in commerce? 
What is the yearly value of the coal and iron of Pennsylvania? 

4. What are the principal products of the Southern States? 

5. What do the Western States produce? Which is the 
largest city of the West? For what is it noted? 



THE PROSPERITY OF OUR COUNTRY. 203 

6. Other Western States, namely, Minne- 
sota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, South 
Dakota, and North Dakota, are exceedingly 
productive. Large crops of corn, wheat, hay, 
oats, hemp, and potatoes are grown there, and 
much attention is given to raising domestic 
animals. Missouri is rich in mines of iron, lead, 
and coal. Iowa, too, has large fields of coal and 
lead, and Kansas, also, has coal, iron, and salt 
in abundance. Minnesota is noted for the fine 
flour it makes, and for its lumber. 

7. The wealth of the Pacific States, namely, 
Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, 
California, Oregon, Washington, New Mexico, 
and Arizona, lies in their mines of gold, silver, 
copper, lead, and coal, and in their grass- 
covered mountains and plains. The principal 
business there is mining, grazing, and agricul- 
ture. California is highly blessed by nature not 
only in the precious metals buried in her soil, 
but in her climate as well. Delicious fruits, 
as the orange, grape, lemon, fig, and olive, 
flourish there, and add to her wealth. 

8. What wonder, then, that we are rich with 
so many working for us ; with our railroads, 
steamships, canals, and other quick means of 

6. What other Western States can you name that are 
exceedingly productive? In what is Missouri rich? For 
what is Minnesota noted? 7. In what hes the wealth of 
the Pacific States? How is California blessed? What 
fruits flourish there? 



204 PRIMAKY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

moving goods ; with the cotton-gin, the sewing- 
machine, the reaper, and other wonderful labor- 
saving machines ! And being so blessed, people 
from the Old World hurry here to share our 
prosperity, and thus our population is increased. 

8. What different means help to make us rich? Why do 
people hurry here from the Old World ? 



TABLE OF STATES. 



205 







SETTLED. 




i 


No. 


states. 






4J 


When. 


Where. 


By Whom. 


a 


1 


Virginia 


1607 


Jamestown 


English 


1776 


2 


New York 


1623 


New York 


Dutch 






3 


Massachusetts 


1620 


Plymouth 


English 






4 


New Hampshire 


1623 


Little Harbor 


i( 






5 


Connecticut 


1633 


Windsor 


a 






6 


Maryland 


1634 


St. Mary's 


" 






, 7 


Rhode Island 


1636 


Providence 


" 






8 


Delaware 


1638 


Christiana, near 
Wilmington 


Swedes 






9 


North Carolina 


1653 


Albemarle 


English 






10 


New Jersey 


1617 


Bergen 


Dutch 






11 


South Carolina 


1670 


Ashley River 


English 






12 


Pennsylvania 


1682 


Philadelphia 


" 






il3 


Georgia 


1733 


Savannah 


<( 


(( 


14 


Vermont 


1724 


Fort Dummer 


(( 


1791 


'15 


Kentucky 


1769 


Booneville 


(< 


1792 


116 


Tennessee 


1757 


Fort Loudoun 


(( 


1796 


17 


Ohio 


1788 


Marietta 


t( 


1802 


!l8 


Louisiana 


1699 


Iberville 


French 


1812 


19 


Indiana 


1702 


Vincennes 


" 


1816 


20 


Mississippi 


1716 


Natchez 


u 


1817 


21 


Illinois 


1682 


Cahokia 


<( 


1818 


22 


Alabama 


1702 


Mobile 


" 


1819 


1 23 


Maine 


1625 


Bristol 


(( 


1820 


24 


Missouri 


1719 


Fort Orleans 


(( 


1821 


25 


Arkansas 


1690 


Little Rock 


" 


1836 


26 


Michigan 


1685 


Detroit 


(< 


1837 


27 


Florida 


1565 


St. Augustine 


Spaniards 


1845 


28 


Texas 


1692 


San Antonio 


<< 


1845 


29 


Iowa 


1833 


Dubuque 


Americans 


1846 


30 


Wisconsin 


1669 


Green Bay 


French 


1848 


31 


California 


1769 


San Diego 


Spaniards 


1850 


32 


Minnesota 


1819 


Fort Snelling 


Americans 


1858 


33 


Oregon 


1811 


Astoria 


<< 


1859 


34 


Kansas 






t( 


1861 


35 


West Virginia 






English 


1863 


36 


Nevada 






Americans 


1864 


37 


Nebraska 






a 


1867 


38 


Colorado 






" 


1876 


39 


North Dakota 






English 


1889 



206 


TABLE OF STATES— Continued. 








SETTLED. 


i 


No 


States. 




1 






When. 


Where. 


By Whom. 


40 


South Dakota 






Americans 


1889 


41 


Montana 






( ( 


1889 


42 


Washington 






i t 


1889 


48 


Idaho 








1890 


44 


Wyoming 






■ ( I 


1890 


45 


Utah 








1896 


46 


Oklahoma 






I < 


1907 


47 


New Mexico 






Spaniards 


1912 


48 


Arizona 








1912 



TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Territories. 



Whence Taken. 



District of Columbia 
Alaska 
Hawaii 

Philippine Islands 
Porto Rico 



Maryland and Virginia 
Russian America 



PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



No. 



Name. 



State. 



In Office. 



Born 



Died. 



George Washington 
John Adams 
Thomas Jefferson 
James Madison 
James Monroe 
John Qulncy Adams 
Andrew Jackson 
Martin Van Bm-en 
Wm. Henry Harrison 
John Tyler 
James Knox Polk 
Zachary Taylor 
Millard Fillmore 
Franklin Pierce 
James Buchanan 
Abraham Lincoln 

Andrew Johnson 
Ulysses S. Grant 
Rutherford B. Hayes 
James A. Garfield 
Chester. A. Arthur 

Grover Cleveland 
Benjamin Harrison 
Grover Cleveland 
William McKlnley 
Theodore Roosevelt 
Wmiam H, Taft 
Woodrow Wilson 
I Warren G. Harding 



Virginia 

Massachusetts 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Massachusetts 

Tennessee 

New York 

Ohio 

Virginia 



Louisiana 
New York 
New Hampshire 
Pennsylvania 
Illinois 

Tennessee 
Illinois 
Ohio 
Ohio 
New York 

New York 
Indiana 
New York 
Ohio 

New York 
Ohio 
Virginia 
I Ohio 



Two terms, 1789-1797 
One term, 1797-1801 
Two terms, 1801-1809 
Two terms, 1809-1817 
Two terms. 1817-1825 
One term, 1825-1829 
Two terms, 1829-1837 
One term, 1837-1841 
One month, 1841 
3yrs., llmos., 1841-45 
One term, 1845-1849 

1 yr. 4 mos.,1849 and '50 

2 yrs. 8 mos., 1850-1853 
One term, 1853-1857 
Qae term. 1857-1861 
One term and 1 mo., 

1861-1865 

3 yrs. llmos.. 1865-1869 
Two terms, 1869-1877 
One term, 1877-1881 

6 mos. 15 days, 1881 

3 yrs. 5 mos. 15 d., 1881- 

1885 
One term, 1885-1889 
One term, 1889-1893 
Second term. 1893-1897 
1897-1901 
1901-1908 
1909-1913 
Two terms, 1913-1921 
1921— 



1732 
1735 
1743 
1751 
1758 
1767 
1767 
1782 
1773 
1790 
1795 
1784 
1800 
1804 
1791 

1809 
1808 
1822 
1822 
1831 

1830 
1837 
1833 
1837 
1843 
1858 
1857 
1856 
1865 I 



1799 

1826 I 

1826 I 

1836 

1831 

1848 

1846 

1862 

1841 

1862 

1849 

1850 

1874 



1866 
1875 
1886 
1893 
1881 

1886 
1908 
1901 
1908 
1901 
1919 



FATHER GARESCHE'S CHEERFUL, HELPFUL BOOKS 

This Popular Author's Books have the merit 
of being Practical and Making Spirituality 
attractive. Should be in every Catholic home. 

Each with a frontispiece. 16mo, cloth, net, 
$1.50; postage 10 cents. 




THE PATHS OF GOODNESS. Some helpful 

thoughts on Spiritual Progress. 
YOUR OWN HEART. Some Helps to under- 

YOUR SOUL'S SALVATION. Instructions on 

. Personal Holiness. 

THE THINGS IMMORTAL. Spiritual thoughts for everyday reading. 
YOUR INTERESTS ETERNAL. Our service to Our Heavenly 

Father. 
THE MOST BELO\'ED WOMAN. The Prerogatives and Glories of 

the Blessed Mother of God. 
YOUR NEIGHBOR AND YOU. Our dealings with those about us. 

IDEAL BOOKS OF INSTRUCTION FOR CHILDREN 

Written in an easy style, tliese charmingly edifying books will not 
only entertain and help Boys and Girls to understand their Religion 
better, but will aid Parents and Teachers when instructing them. 

The following 9 Books, 16mo, each, net, $0.75; postpaid, 80 cents. 

THE LAWS OF THE KING, or, Talks on the Commandments. 
TALKS WITH THE LITTLE ONES ABOUT THE APOSTLES' 

CREED 
THE GIFT OF THE KING. A simple explanation of the doctrine 

and ceremonies of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass. 
LESSONS OF THE SAVIOUR. The most important of Christ's 

parables are described and lessons drawn therefrom. 
THE STORIES OF THE MIRACLES OF OUR LORD. A simple 

narration of the wonderful things Our Lord did during His public 

life. 
THE STORY OF THE FRIENDS OF JESUS. These friends are 

the angels in heaven, His lovers on earth, and the Holy Innocents. 
THE QLJEEN'S FESTIVALS. A simple, devotional and delightful 

explanation of Our Pdess-d Lady's Feasts. 
STORY OF THE DIVINE CHILD. Told for Children in Pictures 

and in Words. By Very Rev. Dean A. A. Lings. 
MARY THE QUEEN. A life of the Blessed Mother for Her Little 

Ones. 

THE STORY OF JESUS SIMPLY TOLD FOR THE YOUNG. By 

Rosa Mulholland. 24mo, net. $1.00; postpaid, $1.10. 
PATRON SAINTS FOR CATHOLIC YOUTH. By M. E. Mannix. 

.S vols. Each volume illustrated; net $1.25; postage, 10 cents. 
LITTLE UYES OF THE SAINTS FOR CHILDREN. By Th. 

Berthold. 16mo, illustrated, net, $1.?5; postage, 10 cents. 
A CHILD'S LIFE OF ST. JOAN OF ARC. By Mary E. Mannix. 

12mo, illustrated, net, $1.50; postage, 10 cents. 

Our 100-page Catalogue Sent Free Upon Request 




FATHER LASANCE'S PRAYER-BOOKS 

The most popular prayer-book in English. 

MY PRAYER-BOOK 

HAPPINESS IX GOODNESS 
Reflections, Counsels, Prayers, and Devotions. 
By Rev. F. X. Lasance. 

A Prayer-Book containing the best general pray- 
ers and devotions, reflections and counsels — a 
prayer-book teaching happiness i.n goodness — a 
prayer-book that is difl:erent — the most popular of 
all prayer-books — "My Prayer-Book. " 

THE YOUNG MAN'S GUIDE 

Counsels, Reflections, and Prayers for Catholic Young Men. By 
Rev. F. X. Lasance. The best prayer-book for young men. 

THE CATHOLIC GIRL'S GUIDE 

Counsels and Devotions for Girls in the Ordinary Walks of Life and 
in Particular for the Children of Mary. By Rev. F. X. Lasance. 

The aforementioned Books can be had in the foUoiving Bindings 
Seal Grain Cloth, stiff covers, square corners, red edges, $1.50; Imita- 
tion Leather, limp, round corners, red edges, $1.90; gold edges, $2.25; 
American Seal, limp, $3.25. Fin er Bindings up to $7.75. 

POPULAR FAMILY BOOKS 

GOFFINE'S DEVOUT INSTRUCTIONS ON 
THE EPISTLES AND GOSPELS 

For the Sundays and Holy-days. With the Lives 
of Many Saints of God, Explanations of Faith and 
Duty, and of Church Ceremonies, a Method of 
Hearing Mass, Morning and Evening Prayers, a 
Description of the Holy Land. 

Preface by Cardinal Gibbons. 
140 illus. 705 pages. 8vo. 
cloth, net, $L75 ; postpaid $2.00 

LITTLE PICTORIAL LIVES of the SAINTS 

With Instructions on the Movable Feasts and Re- 
flections for Every Day in the Year. 625 pages. 400 
illustrations. 12mo, si^ze 4%x7 in. $2.00; postpaid, 
$2.25. 

This book offers in convenient shape the lives of 
many eminent servants of God, forming as it were 
a book of daily meditation. It is printed from clear, 
legible type and is attractively bound. 

Our 100-page Catalogue Sent Free Upon Request 





LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




011 447 139 2 



